英语写作4主要知识点

（1） According to research intention

1Theoretical research: ○

it involves attempts to construct theoretical models.

2Applied research: it seeks to investigate the ○

applications of these universal language rules to one particular language.

（2） According to the source of information

1 primary /empirical/field research: it is the study ○

of a subject through firsthand or original information

obtained from observation and investigation.

2secondary research:it is the examination of ○

studies that other researchers have made of the subject of your interest.

2 How to focus on topic

（1） following your interests. Make three lists:

----a list of subjects that you already know something

about

----a list of new subjects you wish to explore

----a list of those items on the first two lists that are appropriate for you.

（2） breaking down large subjects

A topic is a specific area within a subject, representing one thesis or central idea. Subjects are too broad to be covered at length in a paper, so it should be broken down.

3 How to ask questions?

(1) questions concerning your familiarity with the

topic/subject

(2) questions concerning your academic background or training

(3) questions concerning the availability of library sources (4) questions concerning general evaluation of a given text or book

(5) questions concerning detailed study of a given text or book (6)questions

concerning

formulating

your

proposition/main argument

(7) questions concerning outlining your thesis

4 Format of research paper (1) title

(2) abstract 摘要

（3）introduction including Review of Literature 引言 （4） Methods研究方法 （5）Results （6）Discussion讨论

（7） Conclusion or Recommendations结论 （8）References or Works 参考文献 （9）Appendices 6 Criteria in Topic Selection

(1)interest A research project, such as your thesis, may last for weeks or even months. To survive this long undertaking , you'd better find something that can sustain you interest.

(2)relevance The topic must have something to do with your major.

(3)significance The thesis is the final formal assignment for your university education and should demonstrate your achievement to the highest degree.

(4) Practicality You have to make sure that you have enough knowledge, resources, and energy to research the

topic properly and present your findings in a decent paper.

8 Common Field Research Methods

（1） observation

1planning: why/what/how to observe ○

how to equip yourself

2 observing: anecdotal records ○

Checklist

Rating scale按照程度设计问题

3 reporting 报告 ○

(2) Questionnaire

1 preparing the questionnaire: ○

why/whom to ask the questions What to include in the questions

2giving the questionnaire out to the target population ○

3 analysing and reporting the responses ○

4 designing effective questionnaires ○

a Structure of questionnaire:

1.the purpose of this research 2nd.collect data about the respondents 3rd.questions 4th.'thank you 'note

st

b types of questions

Close-ended question Open-ended question (3）interview

9 Why to ask questions?

This is about the goal of your research. You must have

clear goals. For example,students' opinions about a new textbook or their method in writing a composition in a testing situation may be possible goals.

11 Components of a proposal

Title Introduction Literature review Preliminary outline 提纲 14 Format of Outline

Roman numerals/letters罗马数字，缩进 Decimal format 进位法

Roman numerals

Bibliography 参考文献 Methods

例:I. Heading A. Subheading 1. 2nd subheading 2. 2nd subheading a. 3rd subheading b. 3rd subheading B. Subheading 1. 2nd subheading 2. 2nd subheading a. 3rd subheading b. 3rd subheading

Decimal format 进位法 例：1.0 heading

1.1 subheading 1.1.1 2nd subheading 1.1.2 2nd subheading 1.1.2.1 3rd subheading 1.1.2.2 3 subheading 1.2 subheading 1.2.1 2nd subheading 1.2.2 2nd subheading

rd

1.2.2.1 3rd subheading 1.2.2.2 3 subheading

15 Types of Outline

Topic outline词活词组形式 Sentence outline 句子（不能混搭） 16 Construction of an outline (1) general steps

Proposal.

2List all the ideas that relate to your thesis or research ○

rd

1Go through the ideas you presented in the ○

question

3Group related ideas together according to their guiding ○

concepts

4Decide on their main categories ○

5Label each main category with headings ○

6Fill in the subcategories for each main category. ○

7Arrange the categories, major or minor in logical ○

order,i.e., from general to specific or from abstract to concrete.

(2) Principles for writing an outline: Parallelism: 平行，前后一致的结构

1Be consistent with the outline format you choose ○

2Be consistent in grammatical form within ○

categories.

Coordination: 协调，要有逻辑性 it is about arranging ideas according to ther value or importance.

Subordination:从属关系 It clarifies the significance and relationship of different levels.

Division:划分标准Only one basis of division is used in each rank and each category must consist of a minimum of two entries.

19 How to write an Abstract.摘要，高度概括 Research topic/area Research purpose

Background information Research purpose Background information Research methods Research results/findings Research methods Research results/findings

Conclusions/implications/recommendations further research

for

20 How to write introduction

Introducing the topic Review previous research Focusing on the issue in question

Outlining purpose/announcing present research Indicating research paper structure 21 How to write the Method section

It describes how research is carried out. It concerns WAHT（tool/instrument),WHO(subject),and HOW(data collection,procedures) 22 How to write the Results section

The Results section performs two functions: data

presentation and data description. 23 How to write the Conclusion section

The Conclusion section has three elements: restatement,summary,future research directions. Restatement means that the Conclusion section restate the research

purpose/intention,

some

background

information.

Summary refers to a concise narration of the research design, results, interpretation and implications.

Future research direction is mainly concerned with two points:(1)limitations of the study and (2)tentative proposals for future research.

5 page 10:第6大题 7 page 22:第2题 10 Page 68: 第2题 12 Page 88:第2.3.4题 13 写outline 17 Page 102:第3题 18 Page 103:第4,5题 24 Page 123: 第1题 25 Page 127: 第4.5.6.7题 26 Page 137&138: 27 Page 147: 第2题 28 Page152