ACCA F3

Financial Accounting 财务会计 Tutor details

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17 1 Introduction to accounting

1 Introduction

KEY TERM

Accounting is the process of recording, analysing, summarising and communicating financial information.

The objective of financial reporting To provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. Financial Statements consist of:

Statement of Financial Position (or the Balance Sheet)

Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income (or the Income Statement) Statement of Cash Flows

All of these will be covered in more detail later.

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17 1 会计简介

1 简介

关键术语

会计指记录、分析、汇总和传达财务信息的过程。 财务报告目标 提供与企业财务状况、经营成果和财务状况变动等有关的信息，有助于财务会计报告使用者作出经济决策。 财务报表包括：

财务状况表（或资产负债表）

损益和其他综合收益表（或利润表） 现金流量表 下文将进行详细讲解。

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2 User groups

Seven main user groups (“POEBALL”):

User Group Information needs Any or all of the following Public Owners/investors (sometimes called How business is doing. What their income is likely to be. How “equity investors”) well the managers perform, whether to buy or sell shares Employees (incl.managers) Stability, profitability, likelihood of pay rise. Business contacts e.g. customers and Stability? Credit-worthiness? Profitability (e.g. scope to suppliers negotiate price cuts) Analysts and advisers Local and central government (Including HMRC) Lenders

Whether current strategies are working. Future plans. Key performance indicators. Profit for tax purposes, employment information, carbon emissions etc Company’s ability to repay debts, assess security. Other user groups

EXTERNAL

Pension funds Pressure Groups Charities

Different users will have their own reasons for wanting to see the accounts of a business.

3 Financial accounts v Management accounts

All accounts are prepared using an accounting system, from which accounting information is produced, typically financial accounts and management accounts.

Financial accounts Prepared for external users (e.g. shareholders, Government) Summary information Deadlines for “filing” accounts with Companies House Summarise historical data (results and financial position).

Management accounts Prepared for internal purposes, e.g. managers Detailed information & analysis No deadlines for production (other than as set by management) Forward looking, e.g. budgets, cash flow forecasts. 4 Types of business entity

All businesses produce financial information, but the requirements differ according to the type of business entity. A business may trade as:

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A sole trader A partnership A company

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2 使用群体

七大使用群体（“POEBALL”）：

使用群体 信息需求 以下部分或全部 经营情况如何。可能获得多少收入。经理表现如何，是否需要买卖股票 稳定性、盈利性和加薪可能性。 稳定性？信用可靠度？盈利性（比如降价谈判范围） 当前策略是否有用。未来计划。关键绩效指标。 公众（P） 所有者/投资者（有时称为“权益投资者”）（O） 员工（包括经理）（E） 业务往来方，比如客户和供应商 （B） 分析师和顾问（A） 外部 地方和（包括英国税务海关应税利润、就业信息、碳排放等 总署（HMRC））（L） 贷款方（L） 公司偿债能力、抵押品评估。 其他使用群体

养老基金 压力集团 慈善机构

不同使用者因不同原因需要查看公司报表。

3 财务报表与管理报表

所有报表均使用会计系统编制而成，生成会计信息，通常有财务报表和管理报表之分。

财务报表 针对外部使用者（比如股东、）编制 概要信息 需在截止日期前向英国公司注册处“提交”报表 汇总历史数据（经营成果和财务状况）

管理报表 针对内部编制，比如经理 详细信息和分析 无编制截止日期（管理层规定的截止日期除外） 前瞻性，比如预算、现金流预测 4 营业单位类型

所有营业单位均需编制财务信息，但编制要求随企业类型的不同而不同。营业单位可以是：

个体经营 合伙企业 公司

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Minimum members Formalities Sole Trader One None Partnership Two (max 20 if not a recognised profession) Company One None (although partnership Must register with agreement will normally be in Companies House. More writing) formalities for a PLC. Flexible. Share risk and management responsibilities. More expertise. Duty of utmost good faith. Privacy. Unlimited liability for business obligations. Harder to raise finance. Members have limited liability Easier to raise capital. Perpetual succession. Advantages Flexible. Trader keeps all of the profits. No disputes with fellow owners. Privacy. Unlimited liability for business obligations. Harder to raise finance. Lack of resources. Disadvantages Regulatory burden, e.g. accounts in a statutory form, audit, file accounts and annual return etc. Lack of privacy. Directors (may or may not be shareholders) Who manages the Owner business Owners (i.e. partners) Most businesses carry out a trade in order to make a profit. However, some organisations may have other objectives, e.g. clubs, charities and government departments. These are typically known as “not for profit” organisations.

5 The regulatory framework

5.1 Sources of regulation in the UK

All UK companies Companies Act 2006 sets out prescriptive layouts for the financial statements. Requires the preparers of accounts to present a true and fair view. This does not mean “accurate to the penny”.

UK private limited companies (end Ltd or Limited) Financial Reporting Standards issued by the Accounting Standards Board (ASB). FRS’s build on the broad and general rules set out in the Companies Act with:

detail,

prescriptive methods of accounting, and

coverage of topics ignored by the Companies Act.

UK public companies listed on stock exchange (end plc) International Financial Reporting Standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Stock exchange regulations

apply to listed companies only

contain even more prescriptive rules, e.g. requirement to produce interim accounts.

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最少股东人数 手续 个体经营 一人 无 合伙企业 公司 两人（非认可行业最多 20 一人 人） 无（不过合伙协议通常为书面形式） 灵活。 共担风险和管理职责。较专业。 最大诚信义务。隐私。 对企业债务承担无限责任。 较难筹资。 监管负担，比如法定形 式报表、审计、提交报表和年度申报等。缺乏隐私。 董事（可以是也可以不是股东） 必须在英国公司注册处登记。股份有限公司手续较多。 股东承担有限责任 筹资较易。永久存续。 优势 灵活。 经营者获得所有利润。 不存在共有人纠纷。隐私。 对企业债务承担无限责任。 较难筹资。缺乏资源。 所有人 弱势 企业管理者 所有人（即合伙人） 大多数企业的经营目的是盈利。但有的组织可能有其他目的，比如俱乐部、慈善机构和部门。这些组织通常被称为“非盈利”组织。

5 监管框架

5.1 英国监管来源

所有英国公司 《2006 年公司法》规定了财务报表的规范布局。要求报表编制人呈现真实 公正的观点。这并不意味着“精确到每一分钱”。

英国私人有限公司 （以“有限公司”结尾） 会计准则委员会（ASB）发布的财务报告准则（FRS）。FRS 在《公司法》规 定的概括和通用规则基础上增加了：

具体细节，

规范会计核算方法，以及 公司法未涉及的主题。

证券交易所上市的英国股份公司（以 “股份有限公司”结尾） 国际会计准则委员会（IASB）发布的国际财务报告准则。 证券交易所制度

仅适用于上市公司

包含更多法定规则，比如要求编制期中报表。

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EXAM SMART

Note that only UK plcs have to prepare financial statements using International Financial Reporting Standards. Unincorporated businesses such as sole traders and partnerships can use whatever accounting regulations they wish.

5.2 International Accounting Regulatory Framework

IFRS Foundation

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Foundation (appoint, oversee, raise funds)

IFRS Advisory Council (advises IASB)

IASB

International Accounting

Standards Board

(sets standards & exposure

drafts)

IFRS Interpretations

Committee

(guidance & interpretation)

Appoints Reports to Advises

IFRS Foundation

Main objective is to develop a single set of high quality IFRSs through its standard-setting body, the IASB (see below).

21 trustees who essentially monitor and fund the IASB, IFRS Advisory Council (IFRS AC) and the IFRS Interpretations Committee (IFRS IC).

To bring about convergence of national and international standards. Appoint members of IASB, IFRS IC and IFRS AC

Establishes and amends operating procedures, consultative arrangements and due processes of the IASB, IFRS IC and IFRS AC.

International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)

The IASB is an independent privately-funded body which issues the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) that you are currently studying (pre 2003, these were called International Accounting Standards, or IAS). The Board has 14 members.

IFRS Interpretations Committee (IFRS IC)

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Review newly identified financial reporting issues not specifically addressed in IFRS’s. Clarify issues where unsatisfactory or conflicting interpretations have developed

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考点

注意仅英国股份有限公司须根据国际财务报告准则编制财务报表。个体经营和合伙企 业等未注册为公司的企业可以按喜好选择会计规范。

5.2 国际会计监管框架

IFRS 基金会 国际财务报告准则（IFRS）基金会 （任命、监督、筹集资金） IFRS 咨询委员会 （为 IASB 提供咨询建议） IASB 国际会计准则委员会（制定 标准和征求意见稿） IFRS 解释委员会 （指导和解释）

任命

上报 咨询建议

IFRS 基金会

主要目标是通过标准制定机构 IASB（见下文）制定一套高质量的 IFRS。

21 位受托人是 IASB、IFRS 咨询委员会（IFRS AC）和 IFRS 解释委员会（IFRS IC）的实质监督人和筹资人。

实现国内和国际标准趋同化。 任命 IASB、IFRS IC 和 IFRS AC 成员

制定和修改 IASB、IFRS IC 和 IFRS AC 的操作规程、协商安排和应循程序。

国际会计准则委员会（IASB）

IASB 为私人机构，发布了大家目前学习的国际财务报告准则（IFRS）（2003 年前称为国际会计准则 IAS）。委员会有 14 位成员。

IFRS 解释委员会（IFRS IC）

审议 IFRS 未解决的新发现财务报告问题。 澄清解释不清或解释冲突的问题

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