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新概念英语第一册语法及单词注释

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新概念英语第一册语法及单词注释

△、对疑问句的回答：

肯定：Yes, it is./ Yes. /否定：No, it isn’t. / No.

△、Excuse me. —— 对不起。有打扰他人之意

Sorry. —— 对不起。指犯错误后请求原谅之意

△、Sir. : 先生Yes, sir/No, sir. Mr.:男士，先生。用于姓氏前。Miss:小姐 △、不定冠词：a, an 一个

“an”用于元音音标前，一般情况下，元音字母（a, e, i, o, u）前用“an”。例：an American car; an hour 〖auз〗 △、人称代词：

I am. 我用“am”;

You are. 你及所有复数用“are”；

He , She, It,：他，她，它及单数名词用“is”;。 △、肯定句、疑问句、否定句转换：

You are good. ——Are you good?/You are not good. I am Japanese.——Are you Japanese?/You are not Japanese. △、good ：好——表示人品好；/ Well ：好——表示身体好。 △、名词所有格：名词 +’s 例：my father’s book

主格（人称代词）物主代词

I ——————————— my He —————————— his You——————————— your She —————————— her △、看： see —— 表示看的结果 / Look —— 表示看的动作 △、名词的数：单数与复数 ※名词变复数规则：

1、名词后直接加“s”;

2、以“x, s, sh, ch, o”结尾的加”es”;

3、以“y”结尾，去“y”加上“ies”;如果“y”前是元音字母，则直接加“s”; 4、以“f, fe”结尾的，去“f, fe”加“ves”; 5、不规则变化：

man------men woman-----women child-----children tooth-------teeth foot------feet kilo--------kilos sheep----sheep goose------geese

zoo------zoos radio-------radios stereo----stereos piano------pianos photo----photos mouse-----mice fish-----fish(条) ------fishes(种类) △、名词变复数发音规则：

1、一般发[z]音； 4、在“d”后发[dz]音； 2、在“k,p”后发[s]音； 5、在“t”后发[ts]音。 3、在“s,t ， ”后发[iz]音； △、单复数对应：

I------we my-----our you-----you your-----your he,she,it------they his,her------they this-----these that---those △、主格与宾格

I----- me you----you he-----him she-----her we-----us they-----them it------it 注：

主格：作主语，用于动词前；/ 宾格：作宾语，用于动词后。 △、there be 句型

Be：is表示有一个东西 / are表示有二个或二个以上 “there be” 表示在某地有某物，并不表示某人有某物。 △、在椅子上：on the chair

在扶手椅上：in the armchair △、在墙面上：on the wall

在墙内：in the wall 如：There is a window in the wall. △、书在桌子上：The book is on the table.

在桌子上有本书：There is a book on the table. 注：这两个句子不是一种译法。 △、Lesson 30 动词有三种：

1、实意动词：表示具体动作、有具体意义的词，如：go, read; 2、系动词：am, is, are (be); / 3、情态动词：can, must. △、正在进行时：

1、构成：动词+现在分词：be + doing 2、现在分词的构成：

1）动词后直接加“ing”,如：read---reading

2) 以不发音“e”结尾的词，去“e”，加“ing” ,如：take-----taking

3) 结尾的三个字母，如果是两个辅音夹一个元音，而且本音节是重读的，则双写最后的辅音加“ing”,如：shut------shutting sit------sitting run-------running △、几个词组：

one of-------一个； in the middle of-------在……的中间 on the left-------在……左边 run after-------追赶 on the right------在……右边 what about-----……怎样

in the tree-------在树上（后来到树上的） / on the tree------在树上（树上原来结的）如：我在树上：I am in the tree. / 苹果在树上：The apples are on the tree. △、Look, listen, now 是现在进行时的标志。 △、in the sky：在空中

△、on……表无距离接触；/ over……在别处 △、Lesson 35

1、between: 只指两者之间

如： A，B，C：B is between A and C. 2、“的”

1)表示有生命的东西用“生命+’s”表示。

如：我妈妈的书：my mother’s book / 老师的钢笔：teacher’s pen 2)表示无生命物的东西用“of”

如：村庄的照片： the photo of the village / 中国的地图：the map of China 3)我的腿：my legs / 桌子腿：the legs of the table

3、on a river: 表示：在一条河上/在河边 / on the river 表示：在河上 4、表示出去：out/out of+具体地点

表示进入：in/into+具体地点 / 例：go out/in; go out of/into 注：35课必须掌握“of”所有格的用法。 △、Lesson 36

1、有一个男孩在河里游泳：There is a boy swimming in the river. 2、在大街上：in the street △、Lesson 37,38一般将来时：

构成：be+going to+do(动词原形)，译为：打算干…… 我打算看电视：I’m going to watch TV.

我爸爸打算刷牙：My father is going to clean his teeth. △、固定搭配：

look at ：看…… wait for：等…… listen to ：听…… jump off：从……跳下来 △、“hard” 意为：

1）努力地：study hard. / 2）硬：My head is hard. / 3）难：English is hard. △、做作业：do one’s homework

如：我正在做作业：I am doing my homework. △、Lesson 39

祈使句：表请求，命令的句子。

祈使句肯定句：Shut the window. / 祈使句否定句：Don’t shut the window. ※△、在……前面

in front of :表示某物在另一物前面 / in the front of: 表示同一个范围内某物前面如：The boy is in front of the car.表男孩在汽车外面。

The boy is in the front of the car.表男孩在汽车内部。

△、flower:花 / flour:面粉注：二者读音相同，但意思不同。 △、Lesson 40

△、词组：put on turn on / take off turn off 注：对于具体的名词，名词的位置有两种： take off your coat/take your coat off

但如果不是具体的名词，而是代词，则代词只能放在中间：take it off. △ 、动词show, send, take, give可接双宾语，直接宾语指物，间接宾语指人，

用法：动词+sb+sth 或动词+sth to sb 如：Show me your book!/Show your book to me!

注：若直接宾语是代词，只能用下面这个名型：Show it to me! 不能说：Show it me. 惯用法：两个代词不能罗列使用，中间必须加介词“to”。 △、Lesson 41

可数名词（有单复数变化） book----books / 不可数名词：（没有复数，谓语动词只能用单数）

如： water:

一杯水：a cup of water / 两杯水：two cups of water / 一滴水：a drop of water △、英语中不可数名词的表示方法：

肥皂：一块肥皂 a bar of soap 一斤糖： a jin of sugar 巧克力：一块巧克力 a bar of chocolate 二斤糖： two jins of sugar 牛奶：一杯牛奶 a cup of milk 三杯水： three cups of water 面包：一个面包 a bar(loaf) of bread 四筐苹果： four baskets of apples 一片面包 a piece of bread 四袋书： four bags of books 四袋白糖： four bags of sugar

注：不可数名词谓语动词是单数，但前面加上了具体的量词数后，不可数名词就变成了可数的，谓语动词用复数。

如：The soap is big. / Three bars of soap are on the table.

△、some:表一些，用于肯定句中；/ any: 也表一些，用于否定和疑问句中。

如：There are some apples here. / There is a basket of apples here. Are you any apples here?/There aren’t any apples here.

注：“there be”句型服从就近原则，将“一筐苹果”看成一个整体。

△ 、newspaper 有时看成可数，有时看成不可数，但“paper”当纸讲时永远不可数。

如：一张纸：a piece of paper；当“paper”作文件讲时，可数。 △ Lesson 43 情态动词can

can 不能单独使用，它后面必须接动词原形。/ He can swim.-----Can he swim? / He can’t swim.

△、some /any 既可修饰可数名词，又可修饰不可数名词，可数名词、谓语动词用复数，不可数名词谓语动词用单数。

如：There are some plates on the table. / There aren’t any books on the table. There is some tea in the cup./ There isn’t any water in the bottle. △、Lesson 45

1、What can you do? 你能做什么？/ I can make the tea. 我能沏茶。 2、我打算当老板：I’m going to be a boss. 3、分钟（可数） a minute / two minutes 4、terrible, 可怕的（表示人或其他）

The food is terrible. 这个食物太不好吃了。/ My teacher is terrible. 我们老师可吓人了。 △、Lesson 47 一般现在时：

1、表示一种事实； / 2、表经常反复发生的动作； / 3、表大自然的客观规律。（一）表示一种事实

This is a book./I’m very fat. 动词为“系动词”；/ I can speak English. 动词为“情态动词”。这两种情况变疑问和否定句时，借助于“系动词”或“情态动词”。实意动词：I like English. / I want a book.

句中有实意动词时变疑问、否定借助于“do”这个助动词。如：I like English.-------Do you like English? / I don’t like English.

注：一般现在时中，最重要的是“第三人称单数”。主语是第三人称单数时，在动词后要加“s”,其变化规律与名词变复数相同。“三单”时，变疑问、否定借助于“does”。助动词“do,does” 只能帮助提问、否定，助动词后的谓语动词必须是原形。

如：I like English.----------Do you like English? / I don’t like English.

He likes English.------Does he like English? / He doesn’t like English. △、英语的三大人称：

第一人称：I, we 我们 / 第三人称：he, she, (或其它个体) they 他们第二人称：you, you 你们

I like my mother. / My mother likes me. / My mother and my father like me. △、like, want 的固定用法

like: +n. /+doing sth 表示一种爱好或习惯性动作

+to do sth 表示一次性动作

want :+n. / +to do sth

如：My mother wants to cook a meal. 我妈妈想做饭。/ I want to sleep. 我想睡觉。 He likes to watch TV. 他喜欢看电视。 / watching TV. 他喜欢看电视。 △、What do you want? 你想要什么？I want a book.

What do you want to do? 你想干什么？ I want to do my homework. △、一般现在时表经常反复发生的动作，有些标志性的词： often, always, sometimes, everyday,

如：I often read English in the morning.. / My father always cooks a meal.

I swim in the river sometimes. / I sweep the floor everyday.

△、Lesson 48

1、fresh ： fresh air : 新鲜空气 / fresh water / fresh man 大学一年级学生 2、butter:黄油/honey:蜂蜜：两者都是不可数名词 3、ripe 成熟的（在英语中只能用于植物，不能用于人） 4、sweet: adj. 甜的/ n. 糖块

5、some orange:一些桔汁；/ some oranges:一些桔子 △、Lesson 49

英语中有的一个单词在汉语中有不同的意思：

I like lamb. 不可数：羊肉-----------------I like lambs. 可数：羔羊其它：chicken:鸡/鸡肉； pig: 猪/ meat: 猪肉；

cow: 牛/ beef: 牛肉也：too,用于肯定句中/ either,用于否定句中。

如：I like English. You like English, too. / I don’t like English. You don’t like English, either. △、英语中有些名词在其后加上“’s”后，意思变成相应的表地点的词：

butcher: 肉商--------at the butcher’s 在肉店 / teacher: 老师--------at the teacher’s 在老师家 Xiao Hong :小红-----at Xiao Hong’s 在小红家 △、选择疑问句及其回答：

Do you want beef or lamb? --------I want beef./ I want lamb. 注：必须这样回答。一般疑问句则不用：Do you want beef ?--------Yes, I do./ No, I don’t. △、词语：

cabbage 卷心菜 / Chinese cabbage 大白菜 △、lesson 51～52

1、你从哪儿来？有两种说法：

Where do you come from? / Where are you from? 2、What’s……like(介词，像）? 译为：……怎么样？

如：What’s your mother like? 你妈妈这个人怎么样？ / What’s the weather like? 天气怎么样？ △、look like 看起来像：You look like a child. 你像一个小孩子。 △、Like: You’re like your father. 是介词，像 / You like English. 是实意动词，喜欢 3、城市，国家、月份、季节的前面，介词用“in”。

4、the sun 注：世界上独一无二的东西前，必须加定冠词“the”。 5、May Day: 五•一国际劳动节 △、53、54课

1、表方位用介词：“in”

在北方：in the north； / 东北：northeast / 西北：northwest 注：先说后方位，再说前方位。 2、good, 原级：好的；

better, 比较级：比较好；（两者之间比较） / best, 最高级：最好（三个以上之间比较）如：Which do you like better, the apple or the pear?

Which do you like best, the apple, the pear or the egg? 3、It’s hot in Northeast(表地点) in summer(表时间).

注：英语中，在一个句子中，同时有地点状语，时间状语出现，先说地点状语，再说时间状语。 △、55、56课

1、the Sawyers 索耶一家人

英语中，姓氏后面加“s”，前面加定冠词“the”，用来指一家人，特别是丈夫和妻子。 2、arrive: 到达

1）arrive in 接城市、国家 2) arrive at 接小地点 3) home 前面不加任何介词：arrive home 3、stay at +home/stay in+城市、国家 4、看的不同表示

see one’s friends 看朋友 read books 看书

look at me 看我 watch TV 看电视 see a film 看电影 5、电风扇：electric fan

6、我和妈妈在一起的不同表达：

I’m with my mother./ My mother and I are together. △、57、58课

an unusual day 不平常的一天

a usual day 普通R的一天，注意两词前的冠词，由音标决定的。

2、固定搭配，乘交通工具前，用介词“by”。by bus, by car / 表步行，用介词“on”： on foot

3、询问时间的日常用语：

What time is it?/What’s the time? 几点了？ It’s ten o’clock. 十点了。 ※△、就划线部分提问

1、He is my father.-------Who is my father? 2、I come from China. --------前问：Who come from China? --------后问：Where do you come from? 3、I study English at 6 o’clock.-----When do you study English? 4、I can speak English. --------What can you do? / I can speak English.--------What can you speak? 5、Lucy’s father likes English.------Whose father likes English? 6、There are six books on the table. --------How many books are there on the table? 7、He studies English at home at 6 o’clock. -------Where does he study English at 6 o’clock? 注：就划线部分提问要先根据划线部分选择相应的特殊疑问词。特殊疑问词+情态动词（/系动词/助动词）+句子其它部分特殊疑问词：

1）when/what time:何时 2）where:在哪儿 3）how: 怎么样 4）what:什么 5）why:为什么 6）which:哪一个 7）how many(对可数)/how much(对不可数)：多少 8）who/whom:谁 9）whose:谁的 △、59、60课 1、不可数名词

纸：paper, 一张纸：a piece of paper / 信纸：writing paper

粉笔：chalk 一支粉笔：a piece of chalk / 胶水：glue 一瓶胶水：a bottle of glue 2、“有”的几种表示：

1）there be 表存在，什么地方有什么东西 2）have/has表某人有什么东西

如：There is a book on the desk. / I have a book. 后者变疑问、否定有两种方式： ①Have you a book?/ You haven’t a book. ②Do you have a book?/ You don’t have a book.

3、问：Is that all? 就这些吗？---------答：That’s all. 就这些。 4、only, adv,仅仅

I am only ten years old. 我只有十岁。 / I only have ten yuan. 我仅有十元钱。 5、else, 别的，其它的（注：这个单词必须放在特殊疑问词之后。）

What else do you want? 你还想要什么？ / Who else do you know? 你还认识其他什么人吗？

6、两个单词的区别：

family, 与家庭成员有关. / home, 指家这个地方

如：Is there a television in your home? / Has your family a TV? △、61、62课 1、feel 感觉

其后接形容词。“feel”本身是动词，在英语中称之为“半系动词”。 I feel tired. 我觉得累了。 2、ill, adj 有病的

You look ill. 你看上去病了。 / I am ill. 我病了/我有病。注：英语中我有病……不能说： I have ill.

3、want to be+n 想当、想成为…… / I want to be a doctor. 我想当医生。 4、have

1) 有，拥有：I have a book.

2）有病： I have a cold. 我感冒了。

注：当谈论“有病”时，变疑问、否定只能借助于助动词“do”或“does”，不能直接用“have/has”提问或否定。

如：I have a cold.------Do you have a cold? / I don’t have a cold. 5、英语中表示人在床上：in bed / 物在床上：on the bed 6、消息:news, 不可数名词：a piece of news 一条消息 The news is good. / The chocolate is good. / The students are good. 7、英语中系动词的应用，应具体问题具体分析。

1）The basket of apples is good. / The apples are good. / The three baskets of apples are good. 2）The chalk is in the box. / The piece of chalk ix in the box. / Three pieces of chalk are in the box. 8、英语中，“because”和“so”不能同时出现在一个句子中。 9、knowledge, 知识，不可数名词

如：The knowledge of students is much.注：much修饰不可数名词。

10、阿斯匹林：asprine, 可数名词 / 药：medicine 不可数名词

take an asprine/ some asprines 服阿斯匹林 / take some medicine 服药 11、固定搭配词组

have a headache 头疼 have a toothache 牙疼 have a cold 感冒 have flu 流行性感冒 have a stomachache 胃疼 have a temperature 发烧 have measles 患麻疹 have mumps 患腮腺炎 11、就划线部分提问

1）I have a cold.-------What’s the matter with you?

2) I’m ill.----------------What’s the matter with you? 3) He is well.-----------How is he? △、63、64 1、yet,也

1）放在疑问句和否定句中；

2）必须放在句未，表示“仍然、还”的意思。 Are you a student yet? / I can’t speak English yet. 2、rich, adj(形容词)

1）富有的：I am very rich. / 2）油腻的：rich food. 油腻的食品 3、remain=stay, 呆，逗留

I want to remain in Dandong for 2 days. 我想在丹东呆两天。 I want to remain in Dandong for another 2 days. 我想在丹东再呆两天。 4、关于情态动词“must”的用法

由“must”引导的情态句，变疑问句时，直接将must 提到句首；变否定句时，不能在 must 之后直接加“not”，而应改用“needn’t”来否定。

mustn’t 不准（表不许，禁止） / needn’t 不必注：这两种用法表两种语气。 You needn’t do your homework. 是一种平和商量的语气。 You mustn’t do your homework. 是一种强硬的态度。 5、词汇积累

Watch：手表 / clock：时钟 / alarm clock：闹表 △、64课单词注释 1、play, v

1）弹琴 play the violin (the piano) 弹小提琴/钢琴 / 2）踢、打 play football(basket ball) 踢足球/打篮球注：“play”后接各种乐器时，乐器名称前必加定冠词；后接运动项目时，运动项目前不加定冠词。 play with 摆弄，玩弄

Don’t play with matches. 不要玩火。 / I play with my mother. 我和妈妈玩。（注意两句话的区别）。 2、match n

1) 火柴 / 2）比赛 football match 3、talk 谈话

1）talk to/with sb 跟某人说话如：Don’t talk to him. 2）talk about 谈论

4、so, 用来修饰形容词、副词，加强语气的作用。

I am hot. 我很热。/ I am so hot. 我怎么这么热。 Don’t drive so quickly. 不要开得这么快。

5、noisy, adj 喧闹 / The class is noisy. 教室里闹哄哄的。 △、反身代词

I------- myself you---------yourself he----- himself she --------herself we ----ourselves you--------yourselves they---themselves it-----------itself △、关于“的”的用法

1）表示“某人的”用 ’s / 如：妈妈的书： mother’s book 2) 表示无生命物的，用 of

如：我们村庄的照片：the photograph of our village 3) 特殊用法

门（的）钥匙：the key to the door / 去学校的路：the way to school 问题的答案：the answer to the question

△、listen to 听，表示听的动作 / hear 听，表示听的结果

look at 看，表示看的动作 / see 看，表示看的结果

注：表示动作的词(listen to , look at)可有现在进行时，表示结果的词（hear, look）不能有现在进行时。 △、65、66课

1、enjoy, 在英语中有两种用法

1) enjoy doing sth 喜欢做某事 / What do you enjoy doing?------------- I enjoy swimming . 2）enjoy oneself 玩得开心

2、by oneself 独自地 / I study English by myself. 我自学英语。 3、时间的表示

几点了？ What is the time? / What time is it? 1:00 It’s one o’clock. 一点钟。 1:15 It’s a quarter past one. 一点过一刻。

1:28 It’s twenty-eight past one. 一点过二十八分。注：30分钟以内用“past” 1:30 It’s half past one. 一点半。 1:41 It’s nineteen to two. 差十九分到两点。

1:45 It’s a quarter to two. 差一刻到两点。注：过了30分钟用“ to” 2:00 It’s two. 两点钟。 △、67、68课

一般过去时：表示过去某一时刻发生的动作。 is, am------was are--------were 一般过去时有相应的时间状语(划线部分)：

I was a student two years ago. / I was at school last week. / I was ten years old last year. 一般过去时变疑问、否定：

I was very young.------Were you very young? /I wasn’t very young.

1、两种不同的说法：

I stay at home. 我呆在家里。/ I’m at home. 我在家。 2、hair 两种意思：

1）表“满头长发”，是不可数的； / 2）表“几根头发”，是可数的。

I have a long hair. 我有一头长发。/ I have three white hairs. 我有三根白头发。 3、名词+’s 表示相应的地点

greengrocer（蔬菜零售商）---------at the greengrocer’s butcher（肉商）----------at the bucher’s teacher（老师）----------at the teacher’s baker（面包师）------------at the baker’s △、at school/home/church:

注：这三个词组前面不能加“the”。

4、absent from school 旷课 / absent from work 旷工 5、介词的固定用法

in winter 季节前用in at school 小地点前用 at in April 月份前用in on Sunday 星期前用 on in Dandong 国家城市前用in on August 8th 具体日期前用on 6、就划线部分提问

Today is Sunday.--------What day is it today? 7、weekend 周未

at the weekend=on weekend 在周未 / spend the weekend 度周未 8、in the country 在乡下 / in my country 在我的国家 9、lucky 幸运

unlucky 加前缀“-un”，表否定，不幸运，倒霉 Good lucky to you! 祝您好运！

10、英语中表示“年、月、日”时的顺序是“月、日、年”：如：2004年8月8日：August 8th 2004

习惯上，月份通常用英文表示，日期用序数词表示，通常写其缩写形式，读时，在序数词前要加定冠词“the”. 序数词：

第一：first 1st 第二: second 2nd 第三：third 3rd 第四:fourth 4th 第五: fifth 5th 第六: sixth 6th 第七: seventh 7th 第八: eighth 8th 第九: ninth 9th 第十: tenth 10th 第十一: eleventh 11th 第十二: twelfth 12th 第二十: twentieth 20th 第二十一: twenty-first 21th

第二十二: twenty-second 22th △、今天几号？What date is it today?

今天是2004年8月8日：It’s August 8th,2004.

2004的读法： two thousand and four / 1995年的读法：nineteen ninty-five △、69、70课

There be 句型的过去式：there was/were

如:There were 50 students in our class last year.去年我们班有50名学生。

1、year: new year 新年 / last year 去年 / this year 今年 / next year明年 2、race 比赛通常汽车赛用car race / match 比赛所有球类比赛用～match 3、crowd 一群

You can see me in the crowd. 你能在人群中看见我。

A crowd of students 一群学生 / A crowd of fish 一群鱼 The classroom is very crowded(拥挤). 教室很拥挤。

4、on the way home 在回家的路上 / on the way here 在来这儿的路上 on the way to school/shop 在去学校/商店的路上 / on the way there 在去那儿的路上 △、有关“home”的其它搭配：

go home 回家 / arrive home 到家 / stay at home 呆在家里 ※5、hundred 百

英语中“百、千、百万、十亿”数量单位前若有具体数字，这些单位后不能加“s”；当表示“数以百计的”等时，在这些数量单位后加“s”

如:二百人： two hundred people / 数以百计的人： hundreds of people 选择填空：

There are _________ here.(答案为C)

A) two hundreds students B) hundred of students C) two hundred students D) two hundred of students

6、at the race 表示只是在比赛现场，没参加比赛 / on the race 表示参加了比赛 7、look at 看…… / look for 寻找…… △、71、72课

1、awful 讨厌的 / You are so awful. 你怎么这么烦人。 2、telephone 1) n. 电话

2) vt. 给……打电话 telephone sb.

手机：cell phone: 电池电话/mobile phone: 移动电话 3、time

1) 当时间讲，是不可数名词 I don’t have any time.

2) 当次数讲，可数

一次：once 二次：twice 三次：three times 四次：four times

4、answer the question 回答问题 / Answer the telephone 接听电话打电话用语：

问：你是……吗？ Is that……? / 答：我是…… This is …… ※ 5、规则动词的过去式构成：

1）动词原形+ed, 如： rain------rained 2) 以e 结尾的动词直接+d,如： telephone-----telephoned

3) 重读闭音节，而且两个辅音夹一个元音时，要先双写最后一个辅音字母，再+ed,如： stop--------stopped 4) 以y结尾的动词，若前面是元音，则直接加-ed,若前面是辅音字母，则将y改写为i, 加-ed. 如：play-played study-------studied. 5) 特殊变化

△、一般过去时句子变疑问、否定时要借助于“did”，使用“did”后，动词要变回原形。 △、say 1)引用某人说的话：I say:‘……’. / 2)say to sb.

speak:1)接各种语言：speak English / 2) speak to sb.

一般过去时表示一次性的动作，而且要有相应的时间状语，一般过去式更常用。 △、73、74课

1、know sb. 认识某人 / know sb. well 熟悉某人，对某人很熟悉

2、tell sb. the way to 某地：告诉某人去某地的路 / ask sb. the way to 某地：问某人去某地的路 ※ 各类词性：

Book 名词，缩写： n. Big 形容词，缩写：adj. a. Walk 动词，缩写：v(vi不及物动词/vt及物动词) On 介词，缩写：prep. Suddenly 副词，缩写：adv. Ad And 连词，缩写： conj. △ 、形容词在句子中具备两大作用： 1）作表语 I am fat.(主系表结构) 主系表 2）作定语，修饰名词放在名词之前 I am a good student. 主系定语表语 △、副词在英语中的作用 1）修饰形容词：I am very fat

2) 修饰动词，副词本身做状语，放在动词之后。

很快地读 read quickly 副词作状语修饰动词放在词后注意区别： a big classroom 形容词作定语修饰名词放在词前

△、英语中大多数副词都是由形容词转变成的：形容词+ly----------副词

如：He is a careful(形) boy. He does his work carefully（副） I am happy(形). I watch TV happily(副)。

I was thirsty(形)。 I drank water thirstily(副，咕咚咕咚地)。特殊副词（形容词变副词的特殊例子）： good-----well late-------late hard------hard nearly-------差不点 hardly-----几乎不 warmly------热烈地

lately------最近

如：1）The question is hard(形). / 2) You must work hard(副). / 3) I can hardly(几乎不) understand you.

1）I am well(形) / . 2) I am good(形)。 / 3）I study well(副)。

1）You are late(形)。 / 2）You came late(副)。 / 3）Did you see him lately(最近)？ △、75、76课

1、ago ……以前，注：含“ago”的句子一定是过去时。

I saw him two days ago. 两天前 / I bought a book a week ago. 一周前 2、a pair of shoes /trousers /glasses /gloves:

一双鞋/一条裤子/一副眼镜/一副手套。

3、fashion n. 流行式样 / fashionable adj. 流行的

Your coat is in fashion. 你的上衣很流行。 / Your coat is fashionable. 你的上衣很流行。 4、穿，wear 表示穿的状态 / put on 表示穿的动作 I’m wearing a brown suit. 我身穿一套棕色的西服。 5、clothes: 表示衣服的总称，谓语动词用复数。 My clothes are fashionable.

6、I’m afraid that I can’t. 划线部分是宾语从句，that无实意，只是引导从句。 I’m afraid that I can’t understand you. 我恐怕我不能明白你的意思。 be afraid of +n. 害怕 / I’m afraid of English. 7、greet sb 同某人打招呼 ※一般过去式的发音规则

1、“ed”在k, s ,t , ,p,后发“t”音：looked(t) watched(t) jumped(t) washed(t) 2、“ed”在t 后，发“id”音：painted(id) dusted(id) 3、“ed”发“d”音： aired(d) arrived(d) △、77、78课

1、appointment n. 约会，预约 / have an appointment with sb. 与某人有约如：Have you an appointment with your teacher? 你和老师有约吗？

appoint v. 任命，常用被动式，被任命为…… 2、till 直到……

I slept till 12 o’clock this morning. 今早我一直睡到12点。 3、a.m. 上午= in the morning / p.m. 下午

注意时间顺序：我在2004年10月30日星期六上午10点看见他了： I saw him at 10 a.m. on Saturday October 30th ,2004.（注意介词选用）注意下列各句的区别，并注意时间不同，所用介词也不同：

1）at 10 a.m. on Sunday 30th / 2）at 10 a.m. on Sunday October ,2004 3）at 10 a.m. on Sunday in October,2004 / 4）at 10 a.m. on Sunday in 2004 4、反诘疑问句，

一般疑问句：Can you come at 2 p.m.? / 反诘疑问句：Can’t you come at 2 p.m.?

反诘疑问句只是将一般疑问句中的系动词、助动词、情态动词后加上”not”即可译为:难道……不……吗？ Isn’t it cold in winter? 难道冬天不冷吗？

注意回答：Yes, it is. 不，很冷。 / No, it isn’t. 是，不冷。 5、want to do sth. / like to do sth. (like doing sth.) enjoy doing sth. / tell sb.to do sth. △、79、80课

1、shop：商店 shopping: 购物 / go shopping=go to the shop 去购物如：My mother went to the shop yesterday. / I want to go shopping. 注意区别：

1）go to shop 在商店的工作人员到商店上班 / 2）go to the shop 购物 1）go to school 上学（每天必须做） / 2）go to the school去学校办事 2、list 单子 shopping list:购物单 / name list 名单 3、情态动词

can, 能 I can go.----I can’t go./ Can’t you go?

must 必须 I must go----Must I go? /You needn’t go.(你不必走) / You mustn’t go.(你必须走)注意两句语气。 need 可为情态动词，也可为实意动词。

I needn’t go.(情态动词) / I need a book.(实意动词) 注：“need”作为实意动词时，其含义为“需要”。用法：need+n./to do sth.

I needn’t go。(情态)，我不必走。 / I don’t need to go.(实意)我不需要走。

“need”作为情态动词时，可直接提前变疑问，也可在其后加“not”变否定；作为实意动词时，要借助于助动词变疑问、否定。

“need”在肯定句中常作实意动词，在疑问、否定句中常作情态动词。

※4、hope to do sth / . hope that(引导空语从句) / I hope to do it. / I hope that you are well.

注：不存在 hope sb. to do sth. 句型 5、英语中“许多”的表示法

much 修饰不可数名词，书面表达时常放在疑问、否定句中； many 修饰可数名词，书面表达时常放在疑问、否定句中； a lot of/ lots of 可数、不可数都可修饰，放在肯定句中。

I have much money. 我有钱。注：这种说法只适用于口语，书面表达时有：I have a lot of money. 6、have=have got

当have 译为“有、有病”时，可以用have got 替代。但使用了have got 后，变疑问、否定时不能借助于助动词do,直接前提have或在后加not.

7、not ……at all 一点也不，加强否定的语气，“at all”词组用在否定句中，表示“丝毫、一点、根本”的意思，有强调的作用。

如：I’m not cold at all. 我一点儿也不冷。

I can’t speak English at all. 我一点儿英语也不会说。 I don’t like you at all. 我一点儿也不喜欢你。 △、81、82课

1、bath n. have a bath 洗澡 / I’m having a bath. / I had a bath yesterday. 2、ready, adj. be ready 准备好的 3、dinner 表示比较正规的宴会或晚餐

breakfast 早餐 / lunch 午餐 / supper 晚餐注：这四个词都是不可数的，前面不能加“a”,吃饭用have+～ 4、roast vt. 烧、烤

roast duck(chicken) 烤鸭（鸡） / roast beef 烤牛肉 / roast sweet potato 烤地瓜 5、have 的用法

1）有，2）有病，此两种意思时，=have got

3) 表示“吃、喝、玩、乐、抽”等动作，变疑问、否定时,借助于助动词do,此时不能用have got 替代。 have an egg:吃一个鸡蛋 / have some water喝水 / have a good time玩得开心 / have a cigarette抽支烟 △、83、84

现在完成时的标志词：

1）already 已经，用于肯定句中；放在助动词后、实意动词前或句未。 2）yet 已经，用于疑问、否定句中，通常放在句未； 3）just 刚刚。现在完成时的构成：have/has+动词过去分词变疑问、否定：

I have already read English.--------

I have not read English yet./Have you already read English yet ? 注：现在完成时中过去分词的变化规律同过去式的变化。

单词注释：

1、mess, n. 杂乱，凌乱

make a mess 制造混乱，搞乱了。 / What a mess！太乱了 Excuse the mess. 房间太乱了，不好意思。 / messy=untidy ,adj。, 不整齐的 2、“度假”的不同说法：

spend one’s holiday/ have a holiday/ go on a holiday 3、英语中，let’s不同于let us

let’s 译为咱们…… let us 译为让我们……

let sb. do sth. 注：let 后直接接动词原形，译为让某人做某事。 4、leave, v.(left, left)离开

1）I left Dandong yesterday. 昨天我离开丹东了。 2) I left for Dandong yesterday. 昨天我前往丹东了。 3) I left Dandong for Beijing yesterday. 昨天我离开丹东去北京了。 4) I left my bag in my room. 我把包落在房间里了。注意leave在不同句中的不同译法。 △、85、86课

1、cinema 电影院，go to the cinema 看电影 2、英语中表示“看”的不同用法：

1）look at the blackboard 看黑板 / 3) read the book 看书 2) watch TV/play 看电视/戏 / 4) see the film/friend 看电影/朋友 watch football match/game 看足球比赛/节目

3、beautiful, adj. 漂亮，英语中此词不可修饰男人，只能修饰女性； handsome,adj. 用来修饰男人长得好看。

4、never：从未/ever：曾经，这两个词也是现在完成时的标志性词。

I have never seen you. 我从未见过你。 / I have ever seen you. 我曾经见过你。 5、英语中表示“去过（到过）某地”，有have/has been to +地点 I have been to shenyang. / have been there/here 去过那儿/到过那儿 have gone to ……到……去了（表示去的动作，正往……去） have been to ……去过……，到过……（表示去的结果，已经去过了） △、87、88

1、bring(brought, brought), vt. 带来，送来

I brought(过去时) a book here 3 days ago. / I’ve brought(过去分词) a book here. 2、crash, v. 碰撞

Two car crashed. 两辆车相撞了。 / The plane crashed. 飞机失事了。 a car crash( n.) 车祸

A car crashed into the lamb-post.一辆汽车撞到电线杆上了。 3、try+to do sth. 设法做某事 / try+doing sth. 试着做某事 Try! Try! Try! 努力！努力！努力！

4、由when 引导的句子可以是一般过去时、一般将来时和现在时，但不可能是现在完成时。 5、still 仍然，还，放在句中。He is still a pupil. / yet 仍然，还，放于句未。 6、work on(at) sth. 从事……的工作，干……（根据具体句子相应翻译）。 He is working on English. 他正在学英语。 △、89、90课

1、believe, vt. 相信 / believe in 信任 / believe+n. I believe you. believe+宾语从句 I believe that it will rain.

2、may, 情态动词，当“可以”讲，一般用在疑问句中，语气较客气。 May I come in? 回答：Yes, you can./No, you can’t. Can I come in? 回答：Yes, you can./No, you can’t. Must I come in? 回答：Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t.

※3、how long多长时间(接现在完成时或一般将来时);多长(指物长度) How tall 多高 / How old 多大 / How wide多宽 How long have you studied English?

I’ve studied English for one year and a half. 句中for接持续的一段时间。 4、since, 自从，用于现在完成时 / I have seen him since last year. 5、worth, prep. 值得 / be worth doing sth. 值得做某事 The book is worth $10. / The book is worth reading. 6、cost, 花费

how much 多少钱，多少（对不可数名词） / How much does it cost? 它多少钱？ How much is it? 它多少钱？ / What is the price of it ? 它多少钱？ ※cost, 花费，主语一定不是人，一般只用于金钱的花费。

如：How much does the coat cost? / The coat cost me 50 yuan. ※spend(spent,spent), 主语必须是人，一般用于金钱、时间的花费。

sb. spend some time+on sth./(in) doing sth. / sb. spend some money+on sth./(in) doing sth.

如：I spend $50 on the coat /in buying the coat. / I spent 20 minutes (in) reading English. ※take, 更注重时间的消费：

1）利用it作形式主语：it takes/took sb. sometime to do sth. 2) sb. takes/took sometime to do sth.

如：It took me an hour to finish my work. / I took an hour to finish my work. 7、sale, n. on sale:减价/for sale:待售 8、decide to do sth. 决定做某事

※瞬间动词现在完成时的表示法：

1、死。He has died for a year. 这种说法是错误的。应说：He has been dead for a year. 他去世一年了。注意：He is dead.(adj.) 他死了。 / He is dying(adj.) 他要死了。

2、结婚。They have married for ten years.这种说法是错误的，应说：They have been married for ten years. 结婚：marry, v./married, adj. 已婚的。

3、买。I have bought the house for ten years.这种说法是错误的，应说：I have had the house for ten years. 4、arrive：到达 leave：离开 / come：来 go：去

He has gone(left) for 10 minutes. 错误。 / He has been away for 10 minutes. 正确。 He has come(arrived) for 10 minutes. 错误 / He has been here for 10 minutes. 正确 5、开、关

The door has opened for 10 minutes. 错误 / The door has been open(adj.) for 10 minutes. 正确 The door has shut for 10 minutes. 错误 / The door has been shut(adj.) for 10 minutes. 正确 6、参加党、团、少先队员等

I have joined the Party(the Young Pioneer, the League Party, the Army) for 10 years. 错误

党少先队共青团参军

I have been the Young Pioneer for 10 years. 正确

I have been in the Army(the League Party, the Party) for 10 years. 正确 ※英语中的瞬间动词有：

die, shut, join, leave, go ,come, arrive, buy, marry, open

瞬间动词的完成时态不能接for 引导的时间短语；如果句子中没有for 引导的短语，依旧可使用瞬间动词的完成时：

如：My father has been in the Army for 10 years. / My father has joined the Army. 两种方式都对。 △、91、92课

1、still adv. 仍然，还(只能放在句子中间)

They’re still repairing my car. 他们还在修我的车呢！ / I still live in Dandong. 我仍然住在丹东。 2、move, v.

1) 搬家 I’m going to move to a new house.

2) 感动 The film is moving(adj.) 这部电影令人感动。 / The film moved me. 这部电影感动了我。 3、miss, v.

1) 想念 I miss you very much/a lot. 我很想念你。

2) 错过，没赶上 I missed the bus this morning. / Miss the chance 错过机会 4、person, 泛指人，没有性别的明显区别，其复数形式：people

He is a good person. 他是一个好人。 / They’re good people. 他们是好人。 How many people are there in your family? △、一般将来时

构成：be going to do……打算，准备做某事（有时间去考虑）

will do sth. 此用法适用于所有人称 / shall do sth. 此用法只用于第一人称 I will go-------缩写：I’ll go / I will not go------缩写：I won’t go I shall not go------缩写：I shan’t go

△、will, shall都是情态动词，变疑问、否定如下：

I will go.-------Will you go?/I won’t go. / I shall go.-------Will you go?/I shan’t go. △、will的过去时，would,将要

shall 的过去时，should:1)将要；2）应当

△、give sb. sb.’s regards/give sb.’s regards to sb./remember sb. to sb. ：请代某人向某人问好 ※△、反意疑问句：

如：I like English, don’t I ? / He went to school yesterday, didn’t he? It will rain tomorrow, won’t it? / They have seen the film, haven’t they? It is raining now, isn’t it? / She can read English, can’t she? The boys are playing, aren’t they? / My mother is cooking, isn’t she? 反意疑问句遵循的原则：

1、前肯后否，前否后肯； 2、前后时态应互映；

3、反意疑问句后面出现的必须是人称代词的主格，而不能是具体的名词； 4、反意疑问句，若后一句是否定的，那必须是缩写形式。 ※特殊的反意疑问句：

I am tall, aren’t I? I am not tall, am I? ※祈使句的反意疑问句：

Open the door, will you? / Don’t open the door, will you? 注：不论是肯定句，还是否定句，都用will you

Let’s go, shall we? 咱们走吧，好吗？Let us go, will you? 让我们走吧，好吗？（看成是祈使句）

There are some students here, aren’t there? / This/That is my father, isn’t it?

These/Those are my books, aren’t they? / I have never seen you, have I? （never:从来不，表否定） △、英语中表否定意思的词：

little(没有多少，用于不可数名词) hardly(几乎不) seldom(很少) nothing(什么也没有)

nobody(什么人也没有) few(没有多少，用于可数名词)

※注：反意疑问句的回答：当前句表否定时，其回答与反诘疑问句一样；若前句表肯定，其回答与一般疑问句一样。 △、93、94课

1、pilot, n. 飞行员：I want to be a pilot./ I was a pilot.

2、return, v. 返回 return ticket 往返票

I will return to school tomorrow. / My mother returned to Dandong yesterday. When will you return here/home?

注意：here,home为副词，前面不加“to”，具体地点前必须加“to”。 3、fly---flies(三单)---flying(现在分词)---flew(过去式)---flown(过去分词) 当动词讲：1）运行，飞行

I’ll fly you to Shanghai. 我将用飞机把你送往上海。 I’ll fly to Shanghai=I’ll go to Shanghai by air/plane. A bird is flying in the sky. 一只鸟正在天上飞。 My father has flown 7 people to Shanghai. 2）放飞 I’m flying a kite.

当名词讲：苍蝇，通常复数形式flies 出现 4、next-door,隔壁的

I live next – door. 我住在隔壁 / You’re my next – door neighbour. 你是我隔壁邻居。 5、time

当时间讲时，为不可数名词； / 当次数、倍数讲时，为可数名词：many times 6、在地点之前加“in”表在某地，加“to”表去过某地。 I’m in Dandong./ I’m been to Dandong. △、95、96课 1、train, n. 火车

train station：火车站 / bus stop：公共汽车站/ air port：飞机场 / by train：乘火车 2、plat form

1）平台 2）站台 3）讲台相关词：balcony:阳台/ counter:柜台/ windowsill:窗台 3、plenty of 大量的，可修饰可数与不可数名词 plenty of=a lot of=lots of 4、catch（caught, caught）, vt.

1）赶上（the bus, train, plane） / 2)）抓住 5、miss, v. 1) 错过 / 2）想念

6、towards 朝着，（方向性介词）：A porter walked towards me. 一名收票员朝我走来。 7、next-door to……紧挨着：There is a bar next door to the station. 车站边上有一个酒吧。

△、句型：had better do/not do sth. 最好（不）……I had better go there now./ You had better not speak. ※ had better 句型的反意疑问句：

He had better go now, hadn’t he? / He had better not go now, had he? △、in …… time 在……时间后（将来时的标志）

in a day’s time ：一天后 / in a hour’s time：一小时后 / in two days’ time ：两天后区别：in two days’ time 两天后

in two days 1）两天后/2）在两天时间里 △、表示钟表快慢的方法：

My watch is five minutes slow.(慢) / My watch is five minutes fast.（快） △、注意下列介词的用法

at platform 2 在第二站台 / what’s the time by your watch? 你的表几点了？ △、汉译英

1）我想乘八点十五去北京的车。I want to catch the eight fifteen to Beijing. 2）五分钟后我要乘火车去北京。

I’ ll go to Beijing by train in five minutes’ time. / I’ll catch the train to Beijing in 5 minutes’ time. 3）你必须过桥.

You must go over the bridge. / You must walk over the bridge./ You must be over the bridge. △、Seoul 首尔（汉城）

sowl 灵魂注：两个词读音一样，意思不同。/ bull fight 斗牛 △、97、98课 1、leave, v.

1) 离开 I’ll leave Beijing tomorrow.(离开) / I’ll leave for Beijing tomorrow.(前往) I’ll leave Beijing for Shanghai tomorrow. 离开某地去某地 2）遗留，落下：I left my bag in the classroom. 3) 把……落在身后，leave …… behind

I ran so quickly, so I left him behind. / I studied hard, so I left all my classmates behind adj. 剩下的There is no food left. / There are no students left in the room. 2、zip, 拉链：There is a zip in my coat. 类似：窗与墙的关系用in; 图画与墙的关系用on. 3、address, 地址

你住在哪儿？ Where do you live? / 你的地址在哪儿？What’s your address? 4、belong to ……属于（本身是动词）

The house belongs to me. /The world will belong to me. / The boat has ever belonged to me. 5、形容词性物主代词------后面跟名词，本身做定语。名词性物主代词------本身充当名词，做主语、宾语

名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词 mine my yours your hers her his his ours our

theirs their its its

如：This is her bag. It’s not mine.

△ 、lost and found / lost property ：失物招领处

△ 、the other day=a few days ago 几天前（用于过去式句中） △ 、99～102课 1、help

1) n. 帮助 Thank for your help. 多谢你的帮助。

2) v. help sb. do/to do sth. 帮助某人做某事 / help sb. with sth. 在某方面帮助某人

如：He often helps me study English. / He often helps me with my English. 2、fall(fell, fallen) v. 跌倒，落下

The book fell to the ground. 表示物体落在某处，介词用“to”。 3、sure, adj. 确信

1) be sure of sth 确信某事 / Are you sure of this news? 2) be sure to do sth. 一定做某事

He is sure to come tomorrow. / It’s sure to rain. / I’m sure to win the game. 3) be sure that(从句) I’m sure that he can come soon. ※△、宾语从句

英语句式有三种：简单句、并列句、复合句用一个完整的句子充当宾语，形成宾语从句：

I like English.--------简单句 He says he is ill.-----------宾语从句主谓宾主谓宾（是一个完整的句子） ※宾语从句应注意以下几点： 1、宾语从句时态互应：

如果引导宾语从句的动词是一般现在时，则从句时态可以是任何时态。

He says he is ill. / He says it rained yesterday.

He says he is studying English. / He says he has seen the film. / He says he was ill.

如果引导宾语从句的动词是一般过去时，则从句时态必须是过去产时的任何时态，但客观真理除外。

He said he was ill./ it rained yesterday. / He said that the sun rises late in winter. 2、如果宾语从句是疑问句，疑问句应变成陈述语序。

He asked me where I lived. / He asked me who you are. / Tell him what you have done. ※3、宾语从句的否定

具有否定前移特点的动词：think, believe, suppose, espect. 如：我认为你不是好学生。

I think you aren’t a good student. 这种说法是错误的。/ I don’t think you are a good student. 正确

※4、宾语从句的反意疑问句，以宾语从句为主：

He says he is ill, isn’t he? / He doesn’t think I study well, do I? △、101课单词注释： 1、youth, n. 青年，单复数相同

I’m a youth.(a young man) / We are youth(young men). 2、hostel, n. 招待所 / hotel, 宾馆 / five star hotel：五星级宾馆 3、soon, 不久（用于将来时态） He will come back soon. 4、else 别的，其它的（这个词一定要跟在特殊疑问词后面。）

Who else went there? 还有其它什么人到那儿去了？ What else do you want? / Where else did you go? 5、What does it mean by Y.H.A.? Y.H.A.是什么意思？ Y.H.A. is short for(缩写)the youth hostels association.或者说： Y.H.A. stands for the youth hostels association.

6、婆婆、岳母：mother in law / 儿媳： daughter in law △、103、104课

1、pass the exam 泛指考试及格

pass in+具体科目指某一科考试及格 / fail the exam 考试不及格 2、question, n. 问题/ v. 、审问，审训 / The policeman is questioning the man.

3、paper, n. 纸，不可数名词，但当其后加“s”,即“papers”时，当“文件、考试卷”讲。 4、answer the telephone：接电话 / answer one’s letter：给某人回信 / answer the question ：回答问题 5、rest, n.

1) 其他的……the rest of the students 其他一些同学 / 2) 休息 have a rest 6、hate, v. 讨厌 / hate+n. / hate+to do/doing sth. 7、guy 是一种戏称、爱称，通常上对下面说。 8、cheer, v. ：1) Cheers 干杯 / 2) cheer up 振作起来 9、top, 顶部，上方

at the top of 在……的上方、顶部 / top student 优等生 10、exam 大型考试 middle-term exam期中考试

test小型测验 final exam 期末考试 / monthly exam月考 / in the exam在考试时 △、enough 句型

enough, adj. adv. ：I have enough money.(adj.) I am clever. I can answer your question.-------- 合并：I am clever enough to answer your question. 注：形容词+enough+for sb. to do sth. 表示足以能做某事

如：The apple is sweet enough for us to eat. 苹果很甜，我们能吃。 △、too……to……句型：too+adj.+for sb. to do sth. 表示太……不能做某事

The question is too difficult for me to answer. 这个问题太难了，我不能回答。 △、注意区别too, very

1) The water is too hot, I can’t drink. / 2) The water is very hot, but I can drink. 第一句表示水太热，不能喝；第二句表示虽然水热，但还可以喝。即：如结果是否定的，前面表达用too, 反之用very. △、English test is too difficult for me to pass it.

注：此题表达是错误的，因为it就是指前面的English test ，所以后面不能再重复出现。 △、105、106课

1、intelligent 聪明的，有智慧的 / clever 聪明的（伴有天生的） IQ=Intelligent Quotient(商数) 智商 2、mistake, n. 可数名词

犯错误：make a mistake/ make mistakes 3、present,[′prezεnt] n. 礼物/ adj. 在场的

Who is present? 谁在场？/谁来了？ / Who is absent? 谁没来？ v. 赠送,读作：[pri′zent] ： I want to present(动词) you a present(礼物) 4、dictionary, n. 字典：look up a word in dictionary 查字典

Chinese-English dictionary 汉英字典 / Chinese-Chinese dictionary 新华字典 5、full, adj. 满的，饱的：I’m full.(I’ve eaten enough.) 我吃饱了。

be full of ……充满，装满：The bottle is full of water. / The classroom is full of students. 6、be sorry for/about sth./doing sth. 对……感到抱歉

I’m sorry for coming late. / I’m sorry to hear the news. / I’m sorry for/about the news. △、want 后面不能接宾语从句，只能接动词不定式。

不定式的作用：1）做宾语；2）做宾语补足语

want sb. to do sth. / help sb. to do/do sth. / tell sb. to do sth. / let(make, have) sb. do sth. notice(see, hear) sb.do sth. 表整个过程 / notice(see, hear) sb. doing sth. 表一个瞬间注：不定时的否定直接在“to”前加“not”。 △、练习

1、—Where is John? —He is at _____.

1)the Green’s 2)Green’s 3)the Greens 4)Greens.选择2 注：人称、城市之前不加定冠词。 2、填空

1) I told him I _______(go) soon. / 4) I wanted him _______(not go). 2) I told him ________(go) / . 5) I often see my father _______(shave). 3) I _______(not want) him _______(go)./ 6) He made his students ________(laugh). ※△、形容词的比较级和最高级：

两者之间比较用比较级，三者及三者以上比较用最高级。 ※单音节及某些双音节形容词的比较级、最高级变化：

1）比较级，直接+er; 最高级，直接+est： small----smaller-----smallest； 2）以e 结尾的形容词，比较级+r；最高级+ st： large----larger------largest；

3）以y 结尾的形容词，比较级去y 加ier; 最高级去y 加iest：tidy---tidier---tidiest/ heavy---heavier---heaviest 4）两个辅音加一个元音，要双写后面的辅音再加-er, -est：big----bigger----biggest △、在句子中用到最高级时，前面要加定冠词the. △、of them all, 他们当中所有的/of us all, 我们当中所有的注：这两个短语经常出现在最高级句中。 △、107课单词

1、as well=too, 也/also/either/ 也

You are good, I am also good. 放于句中

You are good, I am good, too. 放于句末，前用逗号隔开 You are good, I am as well. 放于句末，不用逗号 I am not good, you aren’t good, either. 用于否定句，句末，用逗号 ※as well as 以及，和：My father as well as my mother is a teacher.

含有as well as 的句子，谓语动词取决于as well as 前面的主语人称；as well as引导的短语作为插入语，不影响谓语动词的变化。

2、suit, n. 西服 / v. 适合，主要指颜色、款式方面的适合，大小方面适合用fit 3、would like=want 想要

I would like to go. 我想走。/ I would like a new book. 我想要本新书。 ※would like to do sth. / would please to do sth.:

两个短语都表达委婉的语气。Would you like to help me? 帮帮我好吗？

Would you please help me? 帮帮我好吗？ / Do you want to help me? 你想帮我吗？ △、109、110课

形容词与副词的关系：形容词+ly-------副词

※ 形容词修饰名词用最高级时，最高级前必须加“the”; ※ 副词修饰动词用最高级时，最高级前不加“the”

I’m the cleverest boy of us all. / He studies hardest in our class. / Which season do you like best? ※ 特殊形容词的比较级、最高级：

good/well------better-------best / old--------------older---------oldest(单指年龄的大小) bad/badly------worse-------worst / old--------------elder----------eldest(指家里的排行) much/many-----more-------most / far---------------farther--------farthest(表示距离的远近) little--------------less----------least / far-----------------further:进一步的 few---------------fewer--------fewest / ill-----------------worse--------worst

new---------------newer-------newest

如：She is my eldest sister. 她是我大姐。/ She is my second elder sister. 她是我二姐。 You need a further study in English.在英语方面你需要进一步的学习。

副词：quick, fast, slow, early 变比较级+-er; 最高级+- est: △、109课单词注释

1、idea, n. 主意，想法：What’s your idea? 你有什么想法？

have an idea 有一个想法 / have no idea 没主意，不知道 ideal, n. 理想/adj. 理想的：What’s your ideal? / Qinghua University is my ideal one.

2、little 修饰不可数名词，表否定意义：没有多少；/ few 修饰可数名词，表否定意义：没有多少； a little 修饰不可数名词，表肯定意义：还有点；/ a few 修饰可数名词，表肯定意义；还有些。

I have little money. /I have a few friends. / I have a little money in my pocket. / I have few books. 注：a little/a few没有比较级、最高级，只能用于肯定句中。

little------less---------lest / few-------fewer-------fewest 这几个词本身表否定练习：

1) There are a few apples on the tree, so you can pick some. 2) There is little water in the bottle, you must get more. 3、teaspoonful 合成词，一勺

a teaspoonful of rice / one and a half teaspoonfuls of rice

4、pity, n. 遗憾、可怜：What a pity！ / v. 可怜、同情 You needn’t pity me. 5、instead 代替

I’ll go instead./ You won’t go.---------合并：I’ll go instead of you.

I won’t eat eggs./ I’ll drink some milk instead.-------合并：I’ll drink some milk instead of eating eggs. 6、advice, n. 忠告、建议（不可数名词）

a piece of advice 一条建议 / This is good advice. 好建议（不可数） This is a good idea. 好主意（可数）/ This is good news. 好消息（不可数） advise, v. 劝告， advise sb. to do sth. 劝某人做某事

7、What’s the matter( n. 事情)? 怎么啦？ / It doesn’t matter( v. 要紧). 没关系。 8、注意区别下列句子：

1) This is a good job. (可数) / 2) This is good work.（不可数） 1) This is good advice. / 2)This is good news./ （不可数） 3) This is a good idea.（可数）

1) The people are good. / The police are good. / 2) The news is good. / The advice is good. People, police 都是集合名词，其后谓语动词用复数形式。

注：英语中可数名词前一定要加上某一冠词（a, an, the）或用其复数形式。 read a book/ read books/ read the book 都正确。若说成：read book 则错误

△、111、112课

多音节及某些双音节形容词、副词的比较级、最高级：

difficult ------more difficult(less difficult) / the most difficult(the least difficult) 练习：1) The book is more interesting than that one.

2) Going there by bus is cheapest way to go.-----转换Going there by bus is the least expensive way to go. 常用词：

famous------more famous---------the most famous stupid-------more stupid----------the most stupid

clever------more clever(cleverer)--------the most clever(cleverest) △、以“y”结尾的形容词通常按单音节规则变化：

lucky-------luckier--------luckiest / happy------happier--------happiest △、以“ly”结尾的副词变比较级、最高级，通常加more, the most

quickly-------more quickly-------the most quickly / ugly----------uglier---------ugliest(按单节变化) △ 、at ease:稍息 / attention:立正 △ 111课单词注释

1、model, n. 模型 I made a plane model. / 模特儿 I want to be a model. 2、afford, v. 付得起（钱）

can/can’t afford sth./to do sth. / I can’t afford the time. 我没有时间。 I can’t afford a big house/to buy b big house. 我买不起大房子。

3、deposit, n. 定金，存款（不可数）：How much deposit do you have? 你有多少存款？ 4、price, n. 价格 priceless, 无价的

How much is the house? / How much does the house cost? What’s the price of the house? / What price is the house? ※ 同级间的比较：

as+形容词、副词原形+as 和……一样 / not as+形容词、副词原形+as 不如…… I’m as tall as you./ I don’t study as hard as you. ※ △、形容词比较级的固定用法：

1、more and more 起来越……（more代表形容词的比较级）

It’s getting hotter and hotter. 天越来越热。 / The money is getting less and less. 钱越来越少了。 You’re getting moue and more beautiful. 你变得起来越漂亮了。

2、the more…,the more… 越……越……：The sooner, the better. 越快越好。 The more you eat, the fatter you’ll be. 你吃得越多，你就会越胖。这个句型的第二句，一般用将来时，表示对未来情况的预测。 The hard you study, the better you’ll study.

The more English words I have, the better my English will be. 我的英语单词越多，我英语越好。

3、同一范围比较

My hair is longer than yours(=your hair) The population of China is larger than that of America. 中国人口比美国人口多。注：比较双方必须一致，用that(单)those(复数)代替前面相同的部分。 ※ 经典句子：

The cities in China are more beautiful than those in Japan. The output(产量) of the steel this year is more than that of last year. 4、排除法（适用于比较级）

I’m taller than all the students in the class. 错误 I’m taller than any other student(其他任何同学) in the class.正确因为“I”本身是班里的一员，必须排除。再如：

Shanghai is larger than any city(应说：any other city) in China. Shanghai is larger than any city in America. 正确

上述两句中，第一句应用括号内的词，用划线词是错误的；第二句是正确的，因为上海不属于美国所辖，两者不在同一范围。

※ 排除法必须是在同一范围归属才可以排除。 5、避免重复比较

I am more cleverer than you. 错误，两个比较级出现了罗列。应为：I am much cleverer/much more clever than you. I am two years older than you.

I am a little older than you. 我比你大一点儿。以下词可加在形容词比较级前，使句子更丰富。

much/by far/a lot ……得多 / a little:一点点/ even:甚至 / two years:等量词 6、用比较级表倍数关系

我的钱是你的两倍：My money is twice as much as yours. / 或：My money is once more than yours. 我的英语单词比你的多5倍：

My English words are five times more than yours. / My English words are six times as many as yours. 这个房间是那个房间的6倍大：

This room is six times as big as that one. / This room is five times bigger than that one. 我的年龄是你的3倍：

My age is three times as old as yours. / My age is twice older than yours. ※ 两者之间用比较级，三者之间用最高级：

I have two brothers, who is 2 ? 1)taller 2) the tallest 在特殊情况下，就指两者，比较级前加“the”

※other: 其它的，后接名词复数 / the others 后不接任何名词。

the other 两者之中另一个 / another 泛指另一个 others/the others 其它的,只是两个词应用时,前面应有先决条件. There are fifty students, 25 are good, the others are bad. △ 、113、114课语法：

一、英语中表示“没有”

I don’t have any money.(not 用于否定动词) / I have no money. (no用于否定名词) I have none.(none只能单独使用，后不接任何成分，但前面必须有一定的前提)如：Do you have any money? ------I have none. 二、英语中表示“也”

I’m a student, he is a student, too./ so is he. / I can’t speak English, neither can he. I am not a student, he isn’t a student, either./ neither(nor) is he. / I like English, so does he. 1) I am a student, so is she. 正确 / I am a student, so she is 错误注：前后涉及的不是同一主体，后句采用倒装。

2）It’s raining, so is it. 错误 / It’s raining, so it is. 正确

注：前后两句涉及的是同一主体，后者顺着前者继续说，不用倒装句。如：He doesn’t study hard, so he does. 他学习不努力，是这样的。 △ 、单词注释：

1、change, v. 1) 兑换 Can you change this note?

2) 改变，变化 You can’t change me./You’ve changed a lot. n. 变化：Great changes have taken place in China since the open policy.

自改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。 2、note, n. 纸币， coin: 硬币

a ten-yuan note/ a ten yuan : 一张十元的纸币

a ten-pound note/ a ten pounds note: 一张十英磅的纸币注意下两组加横线与不加的区别：

1）five-year-old girl/ ten-metre-long classroom / 2) five years old girl/ ten metres long classroom miter ※3、neither

1) 本意：两者之中一个也不，谓语动词单数。

Neither of us is a student. 我们俩谁也不是学生。 / Neither of us likes English. 我俩谁也不喜欢英语。 2) neither…nor… 既不…也不…

I like neither English nor maths. 我既不喜欢英语，也不喜欢数学。 Neither you nor I am a students. 你我都不是学生。注：neither…nor…做主语时，采用就近决定谓语动词的变化。 3）也不：I am not tall, neither are you.

※4、either

1）本意表示两者之中的任何一个，谓语动词用单数。：Either of us is a student. 2) either…or… 要么…要么…

I study either English or maths. 我要么学英语，要么学数学。 Either you or he likes English. 要么你要么他喜欢英语。注：either…or…也采用就近原则。 5、both 两个都……

1) Both of us are students. 注：both 做主语，谓语动词永远用复数。 2) both…and… …和… / Both you and I are students. ※ 注：both 可做同位语：

We both like English. = Both of us like English. 我们俩都喜欢英语。 We like English. 我们喜欢英语（不限两人）。

6、表达三个以上，用all(肯定)/none(否定，表示三个以上一个也不)

Neither of us likes English. 我们俩谁也不喜欢英语。 None of us like/likes English. 我们都不喜欢英语。

注：none作主语的句子，谓语动词可以为单数，也可为复数，具体问题应具体分析。

如：Are there any new animals in the zoo?

No, 2 . 1) none is new. 2) none are new. 3) no one is 4) no one are. △、all 表示三个以上都……

All the students like English. / The students all like English. All of the students like English. 学生们都喜欢英语。 △ 、部分否定

Not all the students like English. 不是所有的学生都喜欢英语。 △、全否定：

None of the students like English. 所有的学生们都不喜欢英语。 All of the students don’t like English. 所有的学生们都不喜欢英语。

△ 、I stay at home 1)t he whole day. / 2)whole the day. / 3)all day. /4)all the day. / 5)the all day. 注：正确表示“一整天”的是：1）、3）、4） △ 、“all”后可接复数名词，也可接单数名词

all the students 所有学生 / all the class 整个班级 “whole”后面只能接单数名词。 the whole+单数名词

※7、except 除……之外（不包括被除去的对象）besides 除……之外（包括被除去的对象）

We all pass the exam except you. 除你以外我们都通过了考试 We all pass the exam besides you.除你通过了考试我们也都通过了考试。

except for 除……外

Except for a slight headache, I was all right. 除了轻微的头疼外，我都好了。 The street is empty except for a few cars.街上除了几辆车外，空空如野。

Your composition is good except for a few spell mistakes.

注：1）排除的对象与主语不属于一类，用except for / 2）表“美中不足”时，用except for 练习：

1) They all went there except me. / 2) The story is good except for its length. 3) Except for a little water, there is nothing in it. △、115、116课 △、不定代词

every some

every body/every one:大家，每个人 something:某事

everything:一切事物 someone/somebody:有人(表示确定) every where:到处 somewhere:某个地方注：some打头的不定代词，都放在肯定句中。

any /anyone /anybody/anywhere/anything：这些词必须放在疑问、否定句中。 no/nobody/nothing/no where/no one(此词后不能接of t短语)

如：Everyone is well. 每个人都很好。 / Everywhere is very untidy. 到处都很乱。 I have been to everywhere. 我哪儿都去了。 / Is there anyone in the classroom? I want to have everything in the world.我想拥有世界上的一切事物。 There is someone in the classroom. 教室里有什么人吧。 ※ no one 必须指人，不能指物，后面不接of 短语。下面着重any与no 间的转换

I don’t have any money.------I have no money. / I didn’t go any where.--------I went nowhere. ※附：

1、不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单数。

Nobody is here. / Everyone likes English . / Nobody is sleeping now. Something goes well. / Nobody has been to Beijing. 2、不定代词的反意疑问句：

指人的不定代词，反意疑问句谓语动词及人称用复数；指物的不定代词，反意疑问句谓语动词及人称用单数。

如：Nobody has been to Beijing , have they? Something goes well, doesn’t it? Everybody likes English, don’t they？ Nothing is ready, isn’t it? Nobody has seen the film before, have they?(含before句子用现在完成时)。 △ 、单词注释

1、knock, v. 敲（门等），knock at

You must knock at the door. / Someone is knocking at the door. 2、quiet, adj. 宁静的，安静的 / quite=very adv. 很，非常

Everything is quiet. / Keep quiet. 保持安静。

3、impossible, 不可能的：It’s impossible for him to go to Qinghua. 4、invite, v. 邀请

Invite sb. to somewhere/ do sth. 邀请某人去某地/做某事 I want to invite you to see a film.

5、joke, 玩笑： v.: I like joking. 我喜欢开玩笑。

Don’t joke. 不要开玩笑。You are joking. 你在开玩笑吧。 n.: 1) play a joke(jokes) on sb. 开某人的玩笑 2) tell sb. a joke 给某人讲笑话 6、asleep, adj. 睡觉，睡着（属表语形容词）

asleep 不同于一般的形容词，它不能做定语，只可做表语。 Everybody is asleep. 大家都睡着了。 7、 glass,

1）玻璃（不可数） / 2）玻璃杯 / 3）眼镜（通常以复数形式出现）

a pair of glasses：一付眼镜 / a pair of shoes：一双鞋 / a pair of trousers：一条裤子 8、look for 寻找（指找的过程） / find 找到（指找的结果）

I looked for the pen everywhere, but I didn’t find it. 我到处找钢笔，但没找到。 9、must be “准是”表一种猜测

练习：1）There is some water everywhere. 到处是水。

2) Isn’t there anyone in the classroom? 难道教室里没人吗？ △、117、118课

△、过去进行时： be------was/were doing

过去进行时用于：

1）时间状语从句中：表一个动作发生时，另一个动作正在做； 2）宾语从句； / 3）过去某一具体时间发生的动作；

状语从句分为：时间状语从句 / 条件状语从句 / 让步状语从句 / 原因状语从句引导时间状语从句的词：

when(当……时) / while(当……时) / before(在……之前) after(在……之后) / just as(正当……时候) / as(当……时) 过去进行时的应用： 1、用于时间状语从句中

When I was sleeping, someone came in. 注意前后时态的一致。

While I was cooking a meal, he was working in the garden. 当我正在做饭时，他正在花园里工作呢。

2、用于宾语从句：He said he was studying now/ it was raining.

3、用于过去某一具体时间发生的动作：It was raining at 3 o’clock yesterday. △ 、when与while 的区别： When:1）什么时候（不引导从句）

When did you come? / When do you study English everyday? 2）当……时候

叙述一件事：When I was young, I studied hard. 正当……时：When I was reading , he came in. 这时：I was walking when I heard a noise. While:1）n.：一会儿

Please wait for me for a while. 请等我一会儿。

After a while, I saw my teacher. 过了一会儿，我看见了我的老师。 2）conj.：当……时：While we were studying English, he came in. 注：while 后面的句子必须是过去进行时，而when 不一定。

3）引导让步状语从句，译为“虽然”

While I study hard, I don’t study well.虽然我努力学习，但我仍学不好。 ※ 注：过去进行时，通常针对动作性很强的动词：

When I was working in the office, my mother was watching TV. △ 、单词注释 1、家庭的各个房间：

dining room：餐厅 / kitchen：厨房 / bed room：卧室 / balcony：阳台 washing room=toilet：卫生间 / living-room：客厅

2、注意下面三个单词的区别：mouth：嘴/mouse：老鼠/month：月份 △、119、120课 ※过去完成时：had done

用法：1）放在时间状语从句中，引导词有when, before, after

注：过去完成时是过去的过去，必须有两个动作，而且两个动作有先后顺序，先发生的动作用过去完成时。

When I arrived, my teacher had finished the lesson.

After I had washed my face, I went to bed. / Before I watched TV, I had turned on TV. 2）用于宾语从句中：He said he had seen the film already. 3）固定词组：by the end of……（此词组是过去完成时的标志）

I had read the book by the end of last week. 时间状语从句：

引导过去进行时的词：while, when, just as, as / 引导过去完成时的词：when, before, after

注：时间状语从句时态要看主句的动词时态。如果主句表示将来的时态，时间状语从句动词不能同样用一般将来时，而只能改用一般现在时的时态（包括现在完成时）

After he finishes (has finished) his job, he’ll go home. 注意区别：After he had finished his job, he went home.

Before you go to school, you must eat an apple. / Before you went to school, you had eaten a apple. 英语中，主句、从句时态一定要互映。

练习：1) When he comes tomorrow, I’ll tell you. / 2) when he is is working , I won’t disturb him. △、过去将来时

构成：1）would do…… / 2）was/ were going to do……

过去将来时只能用于宾语从句中：He said he would see me tomorrow. △ 、单词注释 1、story, n. 故事

tell a story ：讲故事 / tell sb. a truth：说实话 / tell sb. a lie：说谎话 2、happen, v. 发生 1）发生了什么事：

What happened?/ what happened to him? 注：不用助动词 A car crash happened to him.

2）happen to do 碰巧做（主语一定是人）

3、dark, adj. 黑暗的 darkness黑暗 / This is a dark room.(作定语)

This room is dark.(作表语) / I’m afraid of darkness.(名词，宾语) 4、noise:噪音/ voice:人的声音

5、a friend of mine= one of my friend 我的一个朋友 6、固定搭配：

--------What’s on?(上演什么片子) --------What’s up?(干什么？) 7、as+adj.(adv.) + as possible/(sb. can) 尽可能……

You must eat as much as possible(you can). 你尽可能多吃。 You must study English words as many as possible.

练习：Let’s 2 in English. 1) talk, 2) speak 3) tell 4) say

说明：若用speak,则不加介词，直接说成speak English. △ 、have+lunch/ breakfast/ supper/ dinner: 在各类餐前不加任何冠词。

Have + a meal/ meals: 在meal前，则一定要加冠词或用复数。 △ 、121、122课

定语从句：用一个句子做某个成分的定语。

形容词的两大作用：1）定语 This is a big room. / 2）表语 I’m fat.

从句举例：The boy who study well is my student. 在此句中，the boy 为先行词，who 为引导词

定语从句中的引导词： 1）指人：who, whom, that 2）指物：that, which

The book which I bought yesterday is expensive. I like the shoes which I bought. / I saw the boy who studies well. 注：定语从句中指人的引导词在句中的作用：

Who:做主语、宾语；/ Whom:只做宾语；/ That:做主语、宾语 The woman who/that(做主语) is talking is my mother.

The woman whom(做宾语) my teacher is talking to is my mother. The book which/that(做宾语) I bought is good.

The books which/that(做主语) are on the table are my books. 注：引导词在句中做主语时，不能省略，做宾语时可省略。

练习：I like the man. The man has big eyes.---------- 合并：I like the man who has big eyes. I like the dress. My mother bought the dress.--------- 合并：I like the dress which my mother bought. △ 、单词注释：

1、forget(forgot, forgotten), v. 忘记 forgetful 健忘的

forget to do sth 忘了应该做的事 / forget doing sth. 忘了以前做过的事 I forgot seeing you somewhere before. 我忘了以前在哪儿见过你。 I’ll never forget you. 我永远不会忘记你。 2、serve, v. 服务，接待

We must serve the people heart and soul.我们必须全心全意为人民服务。 3、take sth. with sb. 随身携带某物

I didn’t take the book with me yesterday. / I forgot to take the dictionary with me. What did you forget to take with? 你忘记带什么了？ 4、write to sb. 给某人写信 / hear from sb.收到某人的来信

5、be lost(状态词)=be missing 丢了：The book I bought yesterday is lost/is missing. △ 、注：定语从句不追究时态的互映：

The man who wears/wore(均可) a hat served me. 戴帽子的人接待了我。 △ 、123、124课

定语从句中的关系副词，在句中做状语，不能省略。指时间的用：when /地点：where / 原因：why 做定语用：whose

I know the man. The man is tall.------合并：I know the man who is tall. I know the man. I helped the man.------合并：I know the man whom I helped.

I’ll remember the day. I met you on that day.--------合并：I’ll remember the day when I met you.

That is the classroom. I study English in the classroom. -------合并：That’s the classroom where I study English .

Please tell me the reason. You came late because of it.--------合并：Please tell me the reason why you came late. △ 、定语从句通常以填空或改错题的型式出现。练习：

I like the house where he lives. / I like the house which he bought. 先行词“house”，既可表地点，又可当名词。

当定语从句中的动词为不及物动词（其后不能接宾语）时，引导词用where; 当定语从句中的动词为及物动词（其后能接宾语）时，引导词用which. ※ △、关系代词“that”的用法： 1、下列情况必须用“that”做引导词。 1）先行词当中有最高级

This is the most interesting book that I’ve ever read. This is the most difficult question that I have done. 2）先行词中有不定代词

Is there anything that I can do for you? 有什么事我能为你的做吗？ 3）先行词中有序数词

I’m the first man that came here this morning. 4）先行词中有“all, any , every, some, the very, no, the only, a few, few”这些词，关系代词只能用that.

I’m the very man that will catch you. 我就是那个要抓你的人。 I’m the only man that know the truth.我是唯一一个知道事情真相的人。 You can take any seat that is free. 你可以在任何空位就座。 2、下列情况不能用“that”作引导词 1）非限定性定语从句不能用that

定语从句分两种：限定性定语从句/非限定性定语从句

如：I have a brother who lives in Hongkong. / I have a brother, who lives in Hongkong. 第一句为限定性定语从句，关系代词可用“who, that”；第二句为非限定性定语从句，关系代词只能用“who”. 再如：My mother told me a story, which help me.

I bought a house, and the windows of it face south. 此种表达正确。

I bought a house, the windows of which face south. 此种表达也正确。 I bought a house, the windows of it face south. 此种表达错误。

注：在非限定性定语从句中，主从句可以由“and”这个并列连词引导，也可有关系代词（that除外）引导：

修饰人时用：who, whom或whose / 修饰物时用：which

She has five daughters, and two of them are doctors. / I have some books, three of which are new. She has five daughters, two of whom are doctors. / I have some friends, three of whom are rich.

在定语从句中,“of”后面的引导词,表示人的用“whom”;表示物的用“which” 2）介词提前时不能用关系代词“that”

I don’t like the man who/whom/that(可省略) my mother is speaking to. -----I don’t like the man to whom(不能用that) my mother is speaking.

定语从句中，介词提前时，表示人时用代词“whom”,表示物时用代词“which”,并且引导词不能省略。

I went to the hospital where my father works. / I went to the hospital in which my father works. I will remember the day when/on which I met you. 练习：1、I bought a boat, name of which is A.

I bought a boat and the name of it is A. / I bought a boat, whose name is A. 2、I went to the hospital, where my father works. I went to the hospital, in which my father works. /I went to the hospital that/which works in. △、单词注释

1、during, prep(介词)，在……期间

I went to Beijing during the summer holiday. / I went to the cinema during this week. 2、trip, n. 旅行（可数）去旅行：go on a trip

3、guess, v. 猜：Can you guess who I am? 你能猜出我是谁吗？ 4、grow a beard 留胡子

I’ll grow a beard when I grow up(成长). / The trees grow quickly. 小树长得很快。 grow up成长 shut up闭嘴 hurry up快点 cheer up振作点 get up起床 speak up大声说话 sit up=stay up熬夜 stand up起立 5、take a photograph 拍照，照相：I have never taken any photographs. 我从来没照过相。 6、感叹句：

What:修饰的主体是名词 / How:修饰的主体是形容词 What a clever boy you are!/ How clever you are! How hot it is!/ What a hot day it is! 句型转换，由陈述句转换为感叹句：

He is a tall man.---------What a tall man he is!/ How tall the man is!

注意区别：What a hot weather it is! 错误 / What hot weather it is! 正确（因weather是不可数名词）

What a hot day it is! 正确 / What hot day it is! 错误（因day是可数名词） What clever girls they are! 她们是多么聪明的女孩啊！ △ 、有些固定搭配的词组，在定语从句中不能使用介词提前：

I want to see the picture which you are looking at. 类似词组还有：look after（照顾）/ look for（寻找）

但“look through”这个词组用于定语从句时，介词可提前，并且通常都是提前的。如： I painted the door through which I looked.

I cleaned the window. / I looked through the window.---------- I cleaned the window through which I looked. △、125课 1、water

n. 水 Give me some water. 给我一些水 / make water 小便 v. 1) 给……浇水 I want to water the flowers. 2) 热泪盈眶 When I heard the story, I watered. 3) 流口水 When he was eating the food, I watered.

2、terrible, adj. 可怕的 / terribly, adv. 非常的，常修饰含贬意的形容词 He’s terribly stupid./ It’s terribly dry. / terror, 恐怖/ terrorist恐怖分子 3、dry, adj. 干的 / v. 晾干 I want to dry the wet clothes. 4、mean(meant, meant), v.

1) 意味，意思 What do you mean? 你什么意思？

What do you mean by saying that? 你这么说什么意思？ What does the word mean? 这个单词什么意思？ 2）mean to do sth. 打算做某事

3）接宾语从句：That means that he can come. 那意味着他能来。

n. meaning 意思

What’s the meaning of the word? 这个词什么意思？ The meaning of the word is “热” / The word means “热” 5、surprise

n. 令人吃惊的事 / v. 吃惊 I was surprised. 我很吃惊。

I was surprised at the news. 我对这个消息吃惊。 / The news is surprising. 这个消息令人吃惊。 excite: I am excited. 我很兴奋。 / The news is exciting. 这个消息令人兴奋。英语中，有许多词以人做主语，常用-ed形式；以物做主语，常用-ing形式。 6、语法： have的用法

1）有，可有两种变疑问、否定形式；

2）有病；/ 3）吃、喝、玩、乐等；这两种意思时借助动词变疑问、否定； 4）现在完成时：用have/has直接变；

5）have to do 不得不，必须：变疑问、否定时只能借助动词。

I have to study English.------ Do you have to study English? I don’t have to study English./I don’t need to study English. 练习：Do you have to study English?

A. No, I haven’t. B. No, I don’t need to C. No, I don’t. 正确答案：B、C

△ 、have to 与 must：

共用：1）用于一般现在时：I must /have to go now.

2）用于一般将来时：I must/have to come tomorrow. / I’ll have to come tomorrow. 区别：在一般过去时中表达“不得不，必须”时，只能用“have to”

I had to see the dentist yesterday.

“have to”可用现在完成时，但“must”不可。

How long have you had to wait for him? / I have had to wait for him for a day. 7、interesting 原形为interest

interest 用法为：be interested in sth. 对……感兴趣如：I ______ (interest) in _______ (interest) news.

A. am interesting interested B. am interested interested

C. am interesting interesting D. am interested interesting 正确答案：D 8、hurricane, 飓风 9、pleasant 的用法

意思：宜人的，非常好的 pleasant surprise 令人高兴的惊喜 pleasant noise 热闹 △ 、126、127课

1、famous, I am a famous actor/actress. 我是一名著名的男演员/女演员。

be famous for sth. 因……而闻名

China is famous for the Great Wall. / China is famous for a long history. 2、act（本身是动词）: actor:男演员/actress:女演员 wait（本身是动词）:waiter:男服务生/waitress:女服务员 3、at least, 至少/ at most 至多

You’re at least twenty. / You have at least four yuan. / You know at least 2000 words. ※ △、情态动词表猜测

must:1) 必须 / 2) 准是，一定（80～90%肯定），只放于肯定句中。 can: 能/ can’t 绝不可能：只放在否定句中。 may:1) 可以 /2) 也许是，可能是一、现在情况有猜测：

You must be a student. 你准是个学生。 / You must be tired. 你准是累了。 You must be watching TV by yourself. 你准是独自看电视呢。 must be+doing

二、对将来情况的猜测： must do ：It must rain tomorrow. 明天准会下雨。

It can’t rain tomorrow. 明天不可能下雨。三、对过去情况的猜测：must have done/have been doing

It must have rained last night. 昨晚一定下雨了。

It must have been raining at two last night. 昨晚两点准是在下雨。 He must have been here yesterday. 他昨天准是在这儿。 have been doing 是现在完成时

注：英语中表状态的词没有正在进行时，如“like(喜欢), have(有)”等。如：I like my mother.不能说：I am liking my mother. 四、情态动词表猜测的过去式：

can----could may-----might(这种可能性极小) △ 、几个常见的情态动词的疑问、否定句，及回答：

Can you come in?------Yes, you can./ No, I can’t. May I come in ?--------Yes, you can./ No, you can’t. Must I come in?--------Yes, you must/ No, you needn’t. 4、think(thought, thought)

I think/ thought so. 我也这么认为。 / He said so. 他确实是这么说的。 5、not that long ago （that, adv. 那样的），等同于so： I am not that old.= I am so young. 6、Is he her third husband?

他是她的第三任丈夫吗？（以前不了解，问后必须回答）

Isn’t he her third husband?

难道他不是她的第三任丈夫吗？(很了解,有肯定意义,问后一般不加评论). 7、film fan 影迷： film star 影星/ fans ……迷（粉丝） ※ △、must 表猜测的反意疑问句：

1、He must have been here, hasn’t he? 2、It must have rained last night, didn’t it? 3、He must be sleeping, isn’t he? = I’m sure he is sleeping. 4、You must study hard, needn’t you? 注：

1）、对过去情况的猜测，有特别明显的过去时间状语（如2），反意疑问句有did/didn’t(was/wasn’t, were/weren’t)+人称;若没有明显的时间状语(如1)，则用现在完成时的形式，have/haven’t(has/hasn’t). 2）、对现在情况的猜测，用is, am, are。

3）、当must 不表猜测意思时(如4)，反意疑问句用needn’t.

You must have watched the play before, haven’t you? 注：“before”不属于特别明显的过去时间状语，故用“have”。归纳：当情态动词表猜测时，反意疑问句中，一般不用到情态动词：

过去：did/didn’t; was/wasn’t; were/weren’t; have/haven’t; has/hasn’t 现在：is/isn’t; am/am not/ are/aren’t

△ 、The play may begin. 戏也许要开演了。情态动词对“将来”的猜测。

The play may have begin. 情态动词对“过去”的猜测。注：情态动词对过去情况的猜测有两种形式： 1）may have done 表示动作已完成 2) may have been doing 表示动作正在发生

He isn’t here, he (may go) to school. A. may be going (强调正在发生的事) / B. may have gone(强调动作的结果) △、明天我也许和妈妈一起去埃及去看金字塔（可有几种不同表达）：

I may go to Egypt to see the Pyramid tomorrow. Perhaps/ Maybe I will go to Egypt to see the Pyramid tomorrow. 注：maybe: 两种词性

1）He maybe a teacher. v. 动词：也许是 / 2) Maybe he is a teacher. adv.副词：可能，也许 △、He can’t have read the book before, has he?

注：情态动词表猜测，遵循“must”规则做反意疑问句。 △ 、129课

1、wave, v. wave to sb. 向某人招手：He’s waving to you.

The five-star red flag is waving in the wind. 五星红旗迎风飘扬。 n. 波浪 short wave 短波 / big wave 大浪

2、mile: 英里-------two miles（复数） / foot: 英尺------- two feet（复数） 3、overtake, v. 超车

You must overtake that car. / You mustn’t overtake that car. / You can’t overtake that car. 4、speed(速度)limit(限制)：限制速度：It’s an speed limit. 5、dream, v. 做梦

I often dream at night. / I dreamed again yesterday. Who is dreaming?谁在开小差呢？

dream of/about: 梦到：I dreamed of you.=I dreamed about you. n. 梦想 I have a dream. ：day dream 白日梦 6、sign: n. 标牌 / v. 签名 sign one’s name 签名 7、licence, n, 执照

driving licence 驾照 / business licence 营业执照

8、dear …… 亲爱的……，其后一般加人名。 / Darling, 亲爱的夫妻之间的爱称 9、That’s why…… 那就是……的原因 / That’s because…… 那是因为…… 注：永远不能说：that’s so……

That’s why I study English. 那就是我学英语的原因。

I study English very well, that’s because I like English. 我英语学得很好，那是因为我喜欢英语。

9、 tell sb. to do sth.告诉某人做某事

want sb. to do sth.想让某人做某事 / let sb. do sth.让某人做某事

had better do(not do) sth.最好做(不做)某事 / take one’s advice接受某人的建议 △ 、131课 1、Pyramid 金字塔

There is a mummy in the Pyramid. 有一个木乃伊在金字塔里。 2、abroad, adv. 国外 go abroad

I want to go abroad./ I will go abroad. / I went abroad last year. 3、worry, v. 担忧 worried, adj. 焦虑的，不安的

worry about=be worried about 担心：Don’t worry about me. 不要担心我。 My mother often worries about me.我妈妈经常担心我。

He is worried. 他很不安。 / He is worried about me. 他很担心我。 4、make up one’s mind 下定决心：make up one’s mind to do sth.下定决心做某事 5、spend, v. 1）度过；2）花费

spend time+in doing sth./ on sth. / spend money + in doing sth. /on sth. take(多指花费时间)：it takes sb. some time to do sth. / sb. take some time to do sth. 6、end, n. 尽头，末尾

1) by the end of……截止到……末为止（常用于过去完成时）

I had finished the work by the end of last week. 2) at the end of……到……末（没有固定时态）

I will finish studying English at the end of this month. 我会在这个月末学完英语。 ※finish doing sth. 完成了……（事），做完……

I went to America at the end of last week. 我上周末去了美国。 3) in the end of 最后：I do my work, in the end, I go to bed.

△、v. 结束 The class is ended. 课程结束了。/ The end. 演出结束。（剧，电影等） △、endless, adj. 无尽的，没有头的 / endless pain 无尽的痛苦

endless happiness 无尽的幸福 / endless mountains 无尽的山脉

△、英语中，“very”不能放在动词前修饰动词，必须与“much”连用，放在动词后，即“very much”。 △、past, adv. 永远不能用作动词。He walked past me./ 名词：过去 in the past. △ 、133课

1、sensational, adj.爆炸性的，轰动性的 / sensation, n. 轰动，爆炸 His going to the Qinghua caused the sensation. 他去了清华大学引起了轰动。 The news caused the sensation. 这消息引起了轰动。 2、mink coat : 貂皮大衣/ fur coat : 皮大衣 ※3、直接引语变间接引语

一、陈述句

He said, ‘I am tired now’.-------He said he was tired then.

注：变间接引语后时态变化：一般现在时变成一般过去时；一般过去时变成过去完成时；正在进行时变成过去进行时；现在完成时变成过去完成时；一般将来时变成过去将来时；客观真理没有时态变化，永远是一般现在时。

He said, ‘I’m studying English’.--------He said he was studying English.

He says, ‘I’m tired.’------- He says he is tired. 注：引导词用“says”时，人称变，但时态不变。二、一般疑问句

He asked me, ‘Are you tired?’ --------He asked if/wether I was tired.

1）变后加引导词“if或wether”；/ 2）变成陈述语气；/ 3）时态进行相应变化。三、特殊疑问句

I asked him, ‘When will you study English?’------- I asked him when he would study English. 1）注意人称变化；2）变成陈述语气；3）注意时态变化。四、祈使句

He said to me, ‘Go to bed.’------- He asked /told/ordered me to go to bed. 1）引导词变成命令性词汇（ask, tell, order）; 2）将括号中话直接写上，并在其前加上“to”.

注：直接引语变间接引语时，间接引语时态不发生变化的有以下情形： 1）客观真理；

2）若引导宾语从句(间接引语)的动词是一般现在时、一般将来时、正在进行时这三种进态时，时态不变。

即：He says/is saying/will say/has said ……

※3）引导间接引语的句子当中，有特定的时间状语时，间接引语时态不变，人称变；在直接引语变间接引语时必须进行变化的词：

this----------- that these------------ those here---------- there come----------- go now---------- then ago------------ before

today-------- that day tomorrow-----the next day (the day after / the following day) yesterday------ the day before next day----------- the next day(只放于宾语从句中) the day before yesterday--------two days before

five days ago ------------ five days before last week--------- a week earlier

this week --------- that week the day after tomorrow------in two days time 注意下面几句话：

He will come the next day. 这句话是错误的，可按下面两种说法： He will come next day./ He will come tomorrow.

练习：He said, ‘Where did you go yesterday?’------- He asked me where I had gone the day before.

He said, ‘I saw you a day ago.’------ He said he had seen me a day before. 间接引语变直接引语：

He told his son not to watch TV.-----He said to his so, ‘Don’t watch TV.’

He asked if I had seen the film the day before.------- He asked, ‘Did you see the film yesterday?’ The boy asked where I lived.------The boy asked me, ‘Where do you live?’ The man said it was raining.-------The man said, ‘It is raining.’ 注：直接引语在无明显的过去时间状语时，一般以现在时为宜。如：He asked me not to talk loudly.------He said to me, ‘Don’t talk loudly.’ He asked me if I could read it.------He asked, ‘Can you read?’

△、特别说明：如果一个句子中含有某种情态动词，在变成间接引语时，要注意原来的意义：如：‘I must go now,’ he said. ------- He said he had to go then.

He said, ‘I must go next day.’-----He said he would have to go the next day. ‘You mustn’t go,’ he said.------- he said I didn’t have to go.

注：“must”只有在纯粹的一般过去时的句中时，才必须变成“had to”，否则照抄。 4、make a film 拍电影：I am making a film. / I made a film last year. 5、wonder:= want to know 想知道 / wonderful: 棒极了，精彩 “wonder” 的用法：wonder + if +陈述句/wonder + 特殊疑问句注：“wonder”一般都用于一般现在时，其后从句也为一般现在时。如：I wonder if you can come tomorrow. / I wonder what your name is. 6、myth: 神话 △、135课

1、future, n. 将来/ in the future 在将来 / in the near future 在不久的将来

adj. 未来的，将来的：future wife/husband 未婚妻/夫 He is her future husband.

2、marry: 娶、嫁，有及物动词和不及物动词两种用法： 1）vt.(及物动词):娶、嫁

She will marry him./ 她要嫁给他。 / He will marry her./ 他要娶她。 The prince married the Snow White. 王子娶了白雪公主。 2）vi.(不及物动词)：

She will marry to a rich man. 她要和一个有钱人结婚了。注：……和……结婚，marry 后接“to”

married, adj. 已婚的（状态词）/ I am married. 我已结婚了。

结婚：be married/ get married He will be married./ He will get married. 他要结婚了。 3、latest, adj. 晚的最高级；最新的

He came latest. 他来得最晚。 / The news is the latest. 这个消息是最新的。

4、introduce, v. 介绍

introduce sb. to sb. 把某人介绍给某人 / introduce myself to 自我介绍 5、英语中的大写规则： 1）人名要大写第一个字母；

2）身份、职位要大写第一个字母；如：Pressident. / 3）I（我）永远大写； 4）地名、城市、国家第一个字母大写；如：China, Beijing 5）直接引语中第一个字母要大写；如：He said, ‘Go quickly.’ 6）一个句子的第一个字母要大写。如：You are a student.

7）特例：季节的第一个字母可大写可小写。如：Autumn 或autumn. △、137课 1、football, 足球

play football(basketball, table tennis, tennis, badminton, volleyball) 玩足球（篮球乒乓球网球羽毛球排球） 2、pool: n.

1）池子/ swimming pool 游泳池

2）赌注：do the football pool 下足球赌注

lottery, 彩票 welfare lottery : 福利彩票 / do the welfare lottery 下福彩赌注 won a lottery:中彩票/ win the welfare lottery 中福彩 I won a million-dollar lottery. 我中了一百万美元的彩票。 3、win(won, won) v. 赢

注：win 这个词后不可加“人、参赛队”，只能接“比赛、钱”（match, money）等，而“beat(打败)”后可接“人，队”。 4、world, 世界

相关短语：in the world:在世界上 / all over the world全世界 We have friends all over the world.我们的朋友遍天下。 travel round the world周游世界 / see the world见见世面 5、poor, adj. 贫穷的 / rich, adj. 富裕的

6、depend on 1）依靠；2）取决于：Don’t depend on your parents. 不要依靠父母。 △ 、“if”引导的条件状语从句：如果（本课只介绍表示将来的条件句） If it rains(从句一般现在时) tomorrow, I will stay at home.(主句一般将来时) If he is working now(从句正在进行时), I won’t speak to him(主句将来时). Is he is (be) here, I will be (be) happy. If you finish/have finish (finish) your job, you can go (can go). ※ 注：“if”引导的条件从句永远不能出现将来时。如表示将来的情况，在从句中可用现在时。 △ 、从句

从句包括：名词性从句与状语从句。名词性从句：宾语从句与定语从句。

状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句及条件状语从句。 1、宾语从句 He said he lived in Dandong.

主语谓语宾语（宾语从句）

2、定语从句

I went to the house where he lived.(从句作前面house的定语) I went to the house which he bought. (从句作前面house的定语) I went to the house which he lived in. (从句作前面house的定语) I like the house whose colour is green. (从句作前面house的定语) I like the house which is green. (从句作前面house的定语) He’s the man who offered me help. (从句作前面man的定语) 3、条件状语从句：由if引导的从句：If he is here, he will be happy. 4、时间状语从句：由when, after, before, while, just as, as 引导。

After he had read English, he wrote(write) it. / After he reads English, he will write (write) it. Before he went to bed, he had washed(wash) his face. △ 、137课

1、buy（bought, bought）, vt. 买 / buy sb. sth./ buy sth. for sb. 为某人买某物

如：I’ll buy a big house for my mother. / I’ll buy my mother a big house. 2、花费

spend 主要指金钱、时间，其主语必须是“人”；

take 主要指时间，其主语是“人”或用形式主语“it”; cost 主要指金钱，其主语必须是“物”； pay(paid, paid) 付钱其主语一定是“人”。如：The coat cost me 50 yuan. / I paid $ 50 for the coat. I spent 50 yuan on the coat./(in buying the coat.) I takes an hour to study English everyday. / It takes me an hour to study English everyday. △ 、选择疑问句的回答：

不能用“yes或no”来回答，只能依据事实回答。如；

Has he ever won anything on the football or not? 答：He has never won anything on the football. △、for sale 待售on sale 减价注：“sale”不能单独使用。

△、tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事/ tell sb. about sth. 告诉某人某事 / speak to sb. 同某人说话 △ 、139课一、一般疑问句

1、Does he live in Dandong? / 2、Will he come tomorrow?

3、Has your son finished his homework? / 4、Can you speak English? 5、Did you live in Dandong in 1988?

二、特殊疑问句：Why did you come late?/ What’s your name? 若上述句子前加上动词tell ,则变成宾语从句：

Tell me if he lives in Dandong. / Tell me if he’ll come tomorrow. Tell me if your son has finished his homework. / Tell me if you can speak English.

Tell me if you lived Dandong in 1988 /. Tell me why you came late./ Tell me what your name is. 注：宾语从句中，原来的疑问句要变成陈述句语序。

※△、Didn’t he tell you about his study?--------变宾语从句Tell me if he didn’t tell you about his study. 注：上述属反诘疑问句，若句中含有否定意义的助动词，变宾语从句时，不能去掉助动词，否则句意就会改变。

△ 、Which book is yours?--------Tell me which book is yours.

这句话本身就是正常陈述语序，故不变化。 Tell me who you are. 告诉我你是谁。

Tell me who are you.告诉我谁是你。注意不同的译法，前句是正常的。练习：1、He asked me, ‘Do you speak English?’-------- He asked me if I spoke English.

2、Tell me. Do you speak English?-------- Tell me if you speak English. 注：直接变间接要考虑时态、人称及语序的变化；宾语从句只考虑语序的变化。 △ 、139课单词

1、extra, adj. 额外的：extra work 额外的工作 / extra pay 赚额外的钱 2、overseas, adj. 海外的，国外的：overseas Chinese 华侨 3、engineer, n. 工程师/ engineering, n. 工程 4、company, n. 公司

相关短语：open a company 开一家公司

run a company 经营一家公司 / have a company 拥有一家公司 5、line, n. 线、绳，线路（电话等）

注意下面各动词的不同变化表示不同的意义：

hang:—hung—hung:挂着/ —hanged—hanged:上吊，绞死 lie— lay—lain:躺/ lied—lied:撒谎 / lay—laid—laid: 下蛋如：My mother hung the clothes on the line. 妈妈把衣服挂在了绳上。

telephone line 电话线 / railway line 铁路线 ※6、way, n. 路，

相关短语：on the way home: 在回家的路上 in a way: 从某种意义上说 on the way here/there: 在来这儿/去那儿的路上 in this way: 用此方法 on the way to school: 在去学校的路上 in the way: 挡路

by the way: 顺便问一下 out of the way: 偏僻（不挡路）如：By the way, is this your coat?

In a way, English isn’t interesting. / In this way, I remember the word. △ 、141课

1、被动语态：语态包括：主动与被动被动语态的构成：

1）一般现在时被动语态的构成：be(is, am, are) + done

主动句：I sweep the floor everyday.--------- 变被动句：The floor is swept by me everyday. 2）一般过去式的被动语态构成：be(was, were) + done

主动句：I saw him yesterday.---------- 变被动句：He was seen by me yesterday. 3）正在进行时被动语态的构成：be(is, am, are) +being +done

主动句：I’m studying English.--------变被动句：English is studying by me. 4）过去进行时被动语态的构成：will be done 5）过去将来时被动语态的构成：would be done 6）现在完成时被动语态的构成：have/has been done 7）过去完成时被动语态的构成：had been done

2、excited, adj. 兴奋的 / embarrassed, adj. 尴尬的 / amused, adj. 有趣的 / surprised, adj. 吃惊的这四个词的动词形式：

excite, 使兴奋/ embarrass 使尴尬 / amused 使有趣 / surprise 使吃惊这四个词对物时的形式：

exciting, 兴奋的/ embarrassing 尴尬的 / amusing 有趣的 / surprising 吃惊的

如：1) The news excited me. 这条消息使我很兴奋。 2) The news embarrassed me. 3) The news amused me. 4) The news surprised me. 1) I am excited. 我感到兴奋。 2) I am embarrassed. 3) I am amused. 4) I am surprised.

1) The news is exciting. 2) The news is embarrassing 3) The news is amusing. 4) The news is surprising. 属于这种类型的单词还有以下几个：interest, move(感动) 固定用法：be excited at sth./ be interested in sth.

3、opposite, adj. 相反的，对立的 / opposite work 相对的工作

n. 对面 My house is the opposite. / You sat opposite me. My house is at the opposite side of the street. 我的房子在路边。 4、curiously, adv. 好奇地------- curious, adj. 好奇的-----curiosity, n.好奇心

be curious about sth. 对某物好奇

5、funny, adj. 可笑的，------- fun, n. 可笑，让人喜欢做的事：make fun of 取笑

have fun to do/ doing 喜欢做 / fun doing 喜欢做 6、powder, n. 香粉，白灰 / milk powder：奶粉 / washing powder：洗衣粉 7、kindly, adv./adj. 两种词性/ kind, adj.

8、dress, n. 连衣裙，女式服装 / v. 给……穿衣服：look! The mother is dressing her son. 穿的不同表示：

表动作： put on: He is putting on his coat. 试穿：try sth. on: May I try it on? 表状态： wear: I wear a blue coat./ have sth. on: He has nothing on. 穿着： be dressed on 9、make up, v. 化妆：Mother makes up every morning.

v. 编造， make up a story/ stories.： Don’t make up a story. 不要信口胡来（贬意）。 Every night, my mother makes up a story for me. 每晚，我妈妈都讲一个故事（褒意） 10、put away: 把……收拾起来

take away：拿走 / through away:：扔掉 / give away:：把……送人，白送 △ 、143课 1、surround, v. 包围

We were surrounded by the enemy(敌人)。The enemy were surrounded by us.

2、wood, n. 木头，/ a piece of wood: 一块木头 / woods: n. 森林 I saw a tiger in the woods. woody: adj. 茂盛的 The tree is woody. / The trees are woody. / wooden, adj. 木制的：The table is wooden. 3、beauty spot, 风景点 / beauty, n. 美人 I am a beauty.

There are many beauty spots in Dandong. / The Yalu Rever is a beauty spot. 4、hundred, 百

There are B students. A. two hundreds of B. two hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of 注：在“百、千”等单位前有准确数值时，这些词后不加“-s”,其后也不能接“of”,接“of”后意思改变。

hundreds of 数以百计的

5、city, 城市/ town, 城镇/ village/ 多村/ in the country，在多下注：“country”指国家，只有在“in the country”中指多下。 6、through, 从内部穿越，横穿: look through the window

across, 从表面上横穿：walk across the street /the grass

7、litter, 垃圾 litter basket: 垃圾筐 / A litter basket is put near the door. 8、place, n. 地方/ v. 放置（=put）

9、worry, 担心（worry本身表示情感）：worry about / be worry about / be worrying 令人忧心的 10、rubbish, n. 垃圾（不可数）：The rubbish has been throw away.

There’s rubbish everywhere. / rubbish比litter更恶劣 11、counter, n.柜台 / v. 数：There is a shopping list on the counter.

12、cover, n. 封面，封皮：the cover of the book, 书的封皮 / v. 覆盖， be covered with：被……覆盖

The ground is covered with snow. / My face is covered with blood. 我满脸是血。

13、rusty, adj. 生锈了的/ rust, n. 锈

The pen is rusty. 钢笔生锈了。 / The pen is covered with rust. 钢笔上全是锈。 14、among, 三者或三者以上的之间 / between, 二者之间（between一般和and连用）

The teacher is among the students. / I’m sitting between you and her. 注：在书中夹有东西时，介词用“between”。 15、go for a walk/ have a walk 散步 16、143课语法一、主语从句

What I saw made me very sad. 从句作主语谓语宾语宾补

注：“if, whether”都当“是否”讲，但只有“whether”可以引导主语从句，“if”不可以。如：

Whether he will come isn’t known. / When he will come isn’t clear. Where he lives isn’t know. / That he is a teacher is known. 注：“that”可以引导主语从句，无具体意义，但不可省略。

为了避免主语从句在前有头重脚轻的现象，常用“it”做形式主语，将从句置后。如： It is known that he is a teacher. 二、表语从句

与主语从句一样，“if”不能引导表语从句，表达“是否”的含义时，只能用“whether”引导。如：

My questions is whether he will come. 三、从句

从句分为：名词性从句与状语从句

名词性从句分为:主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、宾语从句。状语从句分为：条件状语从句与时间状语从句。如：

That our country won 32 gold medals made me happy. 主语从句 The question is how we can study well. 表语从句 I remember that he has been here. 宾语从句 I know the man whose heard is long. 定语从句 I know a place which he found. 定语从句 I know a place where he has been to. 定语从句 I know the place where he stated with his father. 定语从句 If he comes, I’ll happy. 条件状语从句 After he had seen the film, he left . 时间状语从句 Before I come here, I must eat lunch. 时间状语从句

第十五课

1. secretary n. 秘书 secret n. 秘密 2. nervous adj. 精神紧张的 Don’t be nervous.

I’m always nervous. 我总是很紧张. Examinations make me nervous.

Studying English(动名词短语) makes me nervous. 注: 动名词短语做主语, 谓语动词用单数.

3. afford v. 负担的起 ※ 这个语永远与情态动词(can或could)连用. can(could) + afford + n (to do sth.)

I can afford to buy a house. 我能买得起房子.

4. weak adj. 虚弱的 strong 强壮的 I’m ill, so I’m very weak.

in a weak voice / in a loud voice / in a friendly voice 用虚弱的声音/用大的声音 / 用友好的声音

5. interrupt v. 打断 Don’t interrupt me when I’m speaking. It’s impolite to interrupt others when they are talking. 当别人说话时, 打断他们是不礼貌的.

6. look up 1) 抬头看 2) (口语)访问某人 3) 查字典, (在电话簿上)寻找(电话号码) look on = look upon = look up 的2,3

look (a person) up and down 上上下下地打量某人

look up to 仰慕, 敬佩, 尊敬 / look down on 鄙视, 瞧不起 7. turn v. 转身,开,关等 / n. 1) 行为, 举止 2) 次序 It’s your turn. 轮到你了. 8. lose one’s temper 发脾气语法知识

一. 直接引语变间接引语

He says,‘It is raining now.’He says it is raining then./He said it was raining then.

He told me,‘I broke the window yesterday.’

He told me that he had broken the window the day before.

He asked,‘Are you reading now?’ He asked if I was reading then. He asked me,‘Where did you live ten years ago?’

He asked me where I had lived then years before.

注: 陈述句变间接引语:主句是一般现在时, 变间接引语时可以是任何时态,但有人称及相关词的变化; 主句是一般过去时,变间接引语时,时态,人称,相关词都发生变化; 一般疑问句变间接引语,前面加引导语‘if / whether’,人称,时态,语序,相关词均相应变化; 特殊疑问句变间接引语,疑问词不变，语序变成陈述句语序,时态,人称,相关词都发生变化; 祈使句: 用‘tell, ask, order’变间接引语: ‘Don’t look at me,’he said to me. He told me not to look at him.

※ 直接引语变间接引语需变化的词:

this ----- that these-----

those come ------ go now ---- then tomorrow------ the next day here ----- there

next week-----the next week yesterday----- the day before the day after tomorrow ------ in two days’ time the day before yesterday------ two days before

第十六课

1. park n. 公园 / v. 停车 Parking. 停车/ No parking. 不准停车

2. traffic n. 交通 / traffic jam 交通堵塞traffic rule 交通规则

traffic police 交警们

注: ‘police, people’是集体名词, 做主语时, 谓语动词用复数. 3. note n. 纸币, 便条 a ten yuan note = a ten-yuan note a ten pounds note = a ten-pound note

4. sign n. 牌子, 标牌 / v. 签名 Please sign your name here. 5. remind v. 提醒 remind sb. for(about) sth. remind sb. to do sth. / remind sb. that …… My mother reminded me for my homework.

Our teacher reminded us that we can’t talk in the class.

My mother reminded me that I should take my homework this morning. reminder 提醒者(物) / remember v. 记住

remember to do sth. 记住要做某事 / remember doing sth. 记住已做某事了

remember sb. to sb. = give sb. sb.’s regards 请代某人向某人问好

6. fail v. 失败 fail the exam 考试不及格 I failed to understand you. = I can’t understand you. 7. obey v. 服从 / disobey v. 不服从 8. pay attention to 注意

9. look after = take care of 照顾 care v. 挂念, 在乎语法知识 ‘if’引导的条件句

1. Don’t tell (not tell) him if he comes(come).

2. If he is working(work), I won’t disturb(not disturb) him. 3. You may go(may go) home, if you have done (do) your homework. 4. If it rains(rain) tomorrow, I will stay(stay) at home.

5. I won’t stay(stay) at home, if it doesn’t rain(not rain) tomorrow. ※‘if’引导的条件句, 主句是一般将来时,从句可以是现在时的任何时态,但‘if’条件句中,则绝不可能出现一般将来时. 语法练习 57

1. I won’t tell(not tell) him the news, if he doesn’t know(not know) it.

2. If he has slept(sleep), doesn’t knock (not knock) at the door. 3. The man will help(help) the beggar if he has(have) some money. 4. The teacher will be(be) angry if you are(be) late. 5. After I have studied(study) English, I will go home.

6. Before the man bought(buy) a new house, he had sold the old one. 7. The boy failed to follow(follow) the English teacher in class. 8. My teacher reminded us not to come(not come) late for class. 9. I remember seeing (see) you somewhere before.

10. The police haven’t found(not find) the missing boy yet.

第十七课

1. appear v. 1) 出现----- disappear 消失 The sun appeared. 太阳出来了. 2) 扮演 appear as ……

I’ll appear as premier Zhou in next play. 在下部戏里我将扮演周总理.

It’s difficult for an old lady to appear as a young girl. 对一名老人而言扮演一名少女很难.

2. stage n. 舞台 on the stage 在舞台上

We always compare our life to the stage. 我们总是把生活比作舞台. compare ……to…… 把……比作

3.stocking (女用)长筒袜 / sock 短袜这两个词总是以复数形式出现.

a pair of stockings / socks 一双袜子以 a pair of ……词组做主语, 谓语动词用单数.

A pair of socks is on the bed. / The socks are on the bed. 4. grow v. 长, 主语可以是人,也可是物 / grow up 成长, 主语必须是人.

You grow quickly. / The grass grows quickly. Grass 草, 不可数

I have grown up. grown-up n. 成长人(=adult)

5. 词组: in spite of…… 尽管…… / take part in 参加 act the part of / appear as 扮演

6. stress n. 压力 press v. 压, 按, 推, 压扁(用熨斗等)熨平,压平

语法知识 must(必须) 与have to(不得不, 必须)

共性: 1) 在一般现在时中,两者均可用. You must(have to) study hard now. 2) 在一般将来时中,用法略不同 He must go shopping tomorrow.

He will have to go shopping tomorrow. 或 He has to go shopping tomorrow.

区别: 在过去时, 完成时时态中,只能用have to

I had to see the dentist yesterday. / I have had to study English for 1 hour.

necessary adj. 有必要的用法: 一般用形式主语‘it’做主语: it is necessary for sb. to do sth.

1) It’s necessary for me to stay at home tonight. --------句型转换: You must stay at home tonight.

2) It was necessary for him to stay at home last night. -------句型转换:

He had to stay at home last night.

3) He said it would be necessary for me to help him. ------句型转换: He said I must help him. / 或: He said I would have to help him.

※ have to 句型变疑问, 否定句时,

借助于助动词‘do, does’

He has to leave now, doesn’t he?

※ 情态动词表猜测:

1. He must be sleeping(must sleep) now. 对现在情况的猜测 2. It must have rained(must rain) last night. 对过去情况的猜测 3.You don’t study well, so you must studying(must study) hard.在此must不猜测.

1) 对现在的猜测: must be doing 2) 对过去的猜测: must have done 3) 对将来的猜测: must + 动词原形情态动词表猜测的反意疑问句:

1) He must have been ill for a long time, hasn’t he?

2) He must have come last night, didn’t he? 3) He must be sleeping, isn’t he?

4) You must study hard, needn’t you? 5) You mustn’t look at me, must you? 语法练习

1. It was necessary for her to see a doctor yesterday.-----句型转换 She had to see a doctor yesterday.

2. Is it necessary for him to go shopping?------

Must he go shopping? / Does he have to go shopping? 3. He said it would be necessary for me to buy a car.-----

He said I must buy a car. / He said I would have to buy a car. 4. He has to appear(appear) as an old man next year, doesn’t he? 5. The ground is wet, it must have rained(must rain) last night, didn’t it?

6. He isn’t young, he must be(must be) 50, isn’t he?

7. The room is quiet, the children must be sleeping(must sleep), aren’t they?

8. I didn’t see him, he must have gone(must go) abroad already, hasn’t he?

9. Trees take a long time to grow. (grow, grow up)

10.I borrowed a costume for my fanny-dress party(化妆舞会)(suit, dress, costume)

第十八课

1. pub n. 小酒店 restaurant 小吃部I have a pub. 我有一个小酒店.

have, own, possess 都可当“拥有”讲, have 变疑问, 否定时,可用两种方法,

own, possess 变疑问, 否定时,必须借助于助动词. 2. landlord n. 店主, 地主, 房东(男性)

landlady (女性) 3. bill n. 帐单 pay the bill 付帐英语中表示“花费”含义的词有:

1) spend 主语是“人”,可指花钱, 时间:

I spend 5 yuan on the book. / (in) buying the book.

2) cost 主语一定是“物”, 只能表示花钱: The pen cost me 5 yuan. 3) take 主语是人, 也可用形式主语“it”,通常用于花“时间”: I took one hour and a half to study English. 或: It took me one hour and a half to study English. 4) pay 主语永远是“人”,只能指花钱, 有三种用法:

pay sb. for sth. / pay some money for sth. / pay for sth. 注: pay 后面可接人称也可接“钱数”,但决不可能直接接表示“物”的名词,若接物, 要加介词“for”. 语法要点 have 与have got have 的用法:

1)“有” I have some money. ------Do you have any money?/Have you any money

I don’t have any money. / I haven’t any money.

※ 当‘have’当有讲时, 可用‘have got’替换, 但变疑问, 否定时只能用‘have’来变: I haven’t got a book. / Have you got a book? 2) 有病可用‘have got’替换:

I have a bad cold.---- Do you have a bad cold? / I don’t have a bad cold.?

3) 不得不 have to = have got to

I have to go. ----Do you have to go? / I don’t have(need) to go. 4) 表“吃, 喝, 玩, 乐,抽”等含义时,不能用“have got”替换.

I have water everyday. ----- Do you have water everyday? / I don’t have water ～.

5) 表现在完成时, have done 不能用have got 替换. 反意疑问句的练习:

1. He has a book , hasn’t he / doesn’t he? 2. He has some water everyday, doesn’t he? 3. He has a cold , doesn’t he? 只有这一种回答.

4. He has seen the film, hasn’t he? / 5. He has to go, doesn’t he? 难点:

1. look 的短语:

look at 看…… look for 寻找

look after 照看 look into 朝……里面看 / 调查

look up a word in the dictionary 在字典里查阅单词

look into the case 调查案件 look upon 仰慕 ---- look down 睢不起

2. give 的短语

give up 放弃 give in 上交 / 屈服, 投降 give away 把…送给 / put away 把…收拾起来 / throw away 扔掉

give oneself up to sb. 投降, 向某人投降 / give back to sb. 归还给某人

3. be born in the year of dog 生在狗年 / keep dogs 养狗 bargain 贪便宜, 讨价还价 / handy adj. 方便的语法练习

1. He must have been(must be) here before, hasn’t he?

2. The man paid 100 yuan for the recorder. (paid, cost, took , spent) 3. The boy had (have) a good time last night, didn’t he? 4.He has had (have) so many apples so far, hasn’t he? 注: so far, 迄今为止,现在完成时的标志词之一

5. These young men are having(have) a party now, aren’t they? 6. After he had had(have) lunch, he went to school. 7. The man has got much help from me, hasn’t he?

8. He has/will have(have) to study hard if he wants to go abroad. 9. I spent an hour reading English.-----It took me an hour to read English.

10. The dress cost my mother 100 yuan.---My mother paid 100 yuan for the dress.

第十九课

1. hurry n. in a hurry 着急地, 匆忙地 hurriedly = in a hurry I went to school in a hurry. / I’m in a hurry.

v. hurry up 快点儿 I hurried to school. 我匆忙地去学校. 我匆匆忙忙地回家: 三种译法

I hurried home. / I went home in a hurry. / I went home hurriedly. 2. pity n. 1) 令人遗憾的事 It’s a pity that …… / What’s a pity! 真遗憾!

2) feel pity for……= feel sorry 同情 adj. 令人可怜的,同情的

v. 同情, 可怜注: pity 的名词形式用法居多, 作为动词不太常用. 3. return v. 1) 返回 return to + somewhere(名词) / return + 表地点的副词.

如: return to school / China / return home/ there/ here return to China = come(go) back to China 2) 退回, 退还 Can I return the book?

return tickets 往返票 / one-way tickets 单程票 4. sold out 卖光了 / worn out 穿破了

The tickets were sold out. = We have sold out the tickets. 票已经卖光了.

5. at any moment 随时

语法知识情态动词 may与might 的用法

may 1) 可以 May I come in? 回答: Yes, you. / No, you can’t(mustn’t).

Might I come in? 语气比上句委婉客气 2) 表示猜测, 也许

对将来猜测: may do He may come tomorrow.

对现在猜测: may be doing She may be watching TV now. 对过去猜测: may have done: He may have been ill yesterday. 若might 用于表猜测时,所表达的可能性更小.

注: can 表猜测时,一定不用在肯定句中,只能用在否定句中.

即: 可以说: can’t be 可能不…… / 不可以说: can be----错误

3) 表祝愿,用may + 人称代词+ 动词原形

May you succeed(动词)! 祝你成功!/ May you be healthy! 祝您健康! May our friendship be forever(ever lasting)! 祝我们的友谊地久天长!

4) may(might) as well + do(动词原形) 还是……的好 You may as well give up! 你还是放弃的好!

5) I wish to do sth.(我希望做……) / I would like to do sth.(我想做……)

这两种句型的反意疑问句: may I ?如: I wish to watch TV, may I? perhaps / maybe adv. 也许如: Perhaps he will come tomorrow.

Perhaps he is watching TV now. / Perhaps he was ill yesterday. 语法练习

1. He isn’t at school. He must be/ may be at home. (cant be, must be, may be, may not be)

2. The ground is wet. It may have rained last night. (may rain, might rain, may rained, may have rained) 3. I would like to introduce my hometown to you, may I? 4. The man must have been ill yesterday, wasn’t he? 5. The man will go back to Dandong soon.

(will return back, will come, will go back to, will return) 6. You may as well give(give) up smoking.

7. We had better not buy(not buy) the train ticket now, had we? 8. If you are(be) here, you will be(be) happy.

9. he must be watching(must watch) TV at home now, for he isn’t here. 10. 祝你成功! May you succeed! ※ ※ 非谓语动词的三大部分:

不定式:to do / 动名词: doing / 分词:现在分词: doing ; 过去分词: done 一. 动名词

1. 构成: do + ing

2. 作用: 1) 做主语 Watching TV is interesting. ※动名词做主语表示一种习惯或反复发生的动作. 2) 作表语: My job is teaching.

3) 作定语: swimming-pool(游泳池) / reading-room(阅览室)

waiting-room(候车室) / sleeping-car(卧铺)

※ 动名词作定语通常是一些固定搭配

短语.

4) 作介词宾语 What about drinking some coffee?

I’m sorry for coming late./ He came in without knocking at the door. 5) 作动词宾语

※※※ 以下所有动词都是后面接‘-ing’形式的动名词作宾语:

enjoy; finish; practice(practise同)练习; mind 介意; avoid 避免; admit 承认;

permit/allow 允许; delay 耽搁; miss 错过; suggest 建议; advise 劝说;

deny 否认; excuse 原谅; forgive 原谅; consider 考虑; risk 冒险; imagine想象;appreciate喜欢,欣赏,重视; feel like想要;can’t help 情不自禁地

it’s no good(use) doing sth. 做某事没好处的(没用的) ※※固定搭配的词组:

look forward to doing sth.期待,盼望做某事 make contribution to doing sth. 对……做贡献

pay attention to doing sth. 注意做…… / be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事

devote oneself to doing …… 致力于做某事 / take to doing sth. 喜欢做某事

get round(down) to doing 潜心,致力于做某事 be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事

※ 以下单词可接to do, 也可接doing , 但意义上有区别:

like to do 表一次性或将来的动作/ like doing 表习惯,经常性的动作

hate 憎恨, 用法同 like

try to do 设法(努力)做某事 / try doing 试着做某事

remember to do 记住要去做某事 / remember doing 记住已经做过某事 forget to do忘记应该做某事或提示不该忘记的事/forget doing忘记了已做的事

stop to do 停下来去做某事/ stop doing 停止正在做的事 mean to do 打算做某事/ mean doing 意味着做某事

want(need, require, demand) to do 想(需要,要求,请求)做某事

want(need, require, demand) +doing 表上述各词的被动状态(同:to be done)

如: The window needs cleaning(to be cleaned).窗子需要擦了. 3. 动名词的复合形式:

1) 做主语: 形容词性物主代词 + doing

Your coming late made the teacher very angry. My going to QingHua made my mother excited. 2) 做宾语: 形容词性物主代词 + doing(或宾格+ doing)

I’m sorry for your coming late./ you coming late

4. 动名词的否定形式: not doing I’m sorry for not coming on time. 语法练习 1. My passing(I pass) the exam made my mother happy.

2. I stopped to let(let) the car pass. 3. He meant to stay(to stay) here forever.

4. Your watch wants repairing(repair) now. 5. He finished reading(read) the book.

6. Don’t forget to sweep(sweep) the floor. 7. I’m used to getting(get) up early.

8. If you miss the bus, it meat waiting(wait) for another two hours. 9. The thief came in without seeing(see) me. 10. He hopes to go(go) abroad.

11. My job is helping(help) these poor people. 12. I am considering(consider) going(go) abroad now. 13. Do you mind my smoking(I smoke) here?

14.He avoided making(make) mistakes. 15. I forget seeing(see) you before.

16. Forgive my taking(I take) your umbrella. 17. Don’t you deny seeing(see) him last night.

18. Tell the children not to risk(not risk) climbing(climb) the tree. 19. I’m sorry for forgetting(forget) to take(take) your book here. 20. When the teacher came in, the students stopped talking(talk). ※※动名词的时态:

doing -------一般现在时, 被动时态: being done

having done -------现在完成时, 被动进态: having been done(很少用) I’m sorry for having kept(动名词完成时)you waiting so long. 注: 动名词完成时意味着动名词的动作发生在主句动作之前. I congratulated you on having won the match.

congratulate sb. on doing sth. 为某事向某人祝贺动名词的被动练习:

1. He came in without being seen(see) by me.

2. He came in without seeing(see) me. 注意这两句的区别. 3. I don’t mind laughing(laugh) at others.

4. I don’t mind being laughed(laugh) at. 注意这两句的区别. 二. 不定式: to do 作用

1. 主语不定式做主语表示一次性动作或将来发生的事. 注: 不定式做主语一般都有特定的时间状语. To watch TV today is dull(无聊的, 乏味的 ).

2. 表语同样表示一次性的动作; 表反复发生的动作用动名词 Your work today is to play (play, to play, playing). 3. 目的状语

I came here to study(study) English. 表一种目标: 我来这儿是为了学英语.

To study well, I must study hard. 为了学习好, 我必须努力学习. 4. 作定语

I have much work to do. 我有许多要做的工作.to do是修饰 much work的定语.

5. 作动词宾语

后面不接动名词的那些动词后面接的都是不定式. 6. 宾补 want sb.(宾语) to do sth.(宾补)

几个特殊词: make(let, have) sb. do(doing: 被动) 让(使) 某人做某事感观动词: see, hear, listen, notice + sb. do(表过程) / sb. doing(表瞬间动作)

I saw him playing(play) when I passed. / I often hear him sing (sing) songs.

He is often heard to sing (sing) songs. 被动时用不定时注: 感观动词在主动语态中接 do/ doing , 但在被动语态中则一定要接 to do 或doing. 如: He was seen to go/ going (go) into the room. 7. 不定式的时态和语态

1) to do 一般时 to be done 被动 2) to be doing 进行时没有被动

3) to have done 完成时 to have been done 被动 ※ 只有一些特殊的词有上述三种时态

seem(似乎) to do She seemed to be talking. 她似乎在说话(进行时) You seemed to have eaten dinner. 完成时不定式一般时被动举例:

I want you to repair my car.------ I want my car to be done. 接不定时的现在完成时的被动语态的,主要有“据说”结构: 据说+ to do/ to been done

The book is said to have been translated into English.

这本书据说已经被翻译成英语了. to be translate into 要被翻译成…… 语法练习

1. I appreciate your calling(you call) me tomorrow. 2. I must thank you for helping(help) my son. 3. I remember reading(read) the book before.

4. No one can avoid being influenced(influence:影响) by TV. 5. The thief was seen to entered/ entering(enter) the room. 6. It is no use talking(talk) with him.

7.He wants sending/to be sent(send) to America.区别:He wants to send his son～.

8. The windows need cleaning/to be cleaned(clean).

9. To go(go) to school early tomorrow, I must go to bed earl tonight. 10. You had better not listen(listen) to him. 11. Can you imagine her working(work) as a nurse. 12. I found him sleeping(sleep) when I came in. 13. The boy seemed to be sleeping(sleep) now.

14. The book is said to be made(make) a film next year. 15. I expected my lost pen to be found(find) soon. 16. The boy never minds being laughed(laugh) at. 17. Don’t forget to post(post) the letter.

18. He apologized(道歉) for not coming(not come) early. 19. It was dark, but they still went on working(work). 20. The boy can’t help crying(cry) at the bad news. 三. 分词: 现在分词/ 过去分词

一). 现在分词

1. 构成(与动名词一样):

主动: doing / having done 被动: being done / having been done 2. 作用: 简化句子 1) 时间状语

When I was walking in the street, I saw him.-----Walking in the street, I saw him.

注: 当前后句主语是同一人时, 从句可用分词短语形式替代. After I had finished my homework, I went home.------ Having finished my homework, I went home. 完成时

Being seen (see) by the students, I was nervous. 一般时的被动 Having been punished (punish) by the teacher, I went away. 完成时的被动 2) 做原因状语

Because he was ill, he didn’t come here.----- Being ill, he didn’t come here.

Because I am a teacher, I must work hard.----- Being a teacher, I must work hard. 3) 做伴随状语

He came in and took a book. (and引导并列句) ------ He came in, taking a book.

He sat in the sun and looked after the sheep.------ He sat in the sun, looking after the sheep. 4) 做定语(doing, being done)

I like the student who studying hard.----- I like the student studying hard.

Do you know the man who is standing there(stands there)?------ Do you know the man standing there(分词短语) ? Do you know the smiling(一个分词) girl?

注: 分词短语做定语时, 如果只有一个分词, 用于所修饰的名词之前(如上句), 若是分词短语(至少含有两个以上的单词, 称为分词短语), 则放在被修饰的名词之后. 另外,分词做定语时,若是主动的,则用现在分词(doing),若是被动的,则用过去分词(being done).

5) 做表语 The news is exciting.

语法练习 1. Having finished(finish) studying(study) English, I went home. 2. I don’t like the man wearing(wear) a black suit. 3. I was watching TV, listening(listen) to the music. 4. Do you mind my opening(I open) the door?

5. I saw the cars in the street coming and going(come and go). 6. They stopped to talk(talk) when they met in the street. 7. Having been seen(see) by the watchman, the thief ran away. 8. Having found)(find) my lost pen, I was very happy. 9. The boy is said to have studied(study) abroad last year. 10. Can you imagine her speaking(she speak) like that?

11. The boy can’t help laughing(laugh). 12. Don’t make the boy cry(cry).

13. I know my English needs improving/ to be improved(improve). 14. No one enjoy being laughed(laugh) at.

15. He likes swimming(swim), but he doesn’t like to swim(swim) today.

16. The boy seemed to have been(be) here before.

17. Reading(read) in bed, I heard a noise. 18. The news is surprising(surprise).

19. The film is worth seeing(see). 20. I want my car to be repaired(repair) soon.

若是物做主语,则不同: My car wants repairing/to be repaired(repair) soon.

注意区别下列两句:

1. To find(find) the new information, I open the book. 2. Having found(find) my lost pen, I was very happy. 在1 句中, 是目的状语, 用不定式, 在2句中表原因, 用分词. 二) 过去分词过去分词表: 完成时态/被动时态 1. 构成: done

2. 作用: 1) 做状语(例A)

A. Seen(过去分词表被动) (see) from the hill, the city is beautiful. B. Being seen(现在分词一般时被动)(see) by the students, I was nervous. C. Having been seen(现在分词现在完成被动)(see) by the man, I ran away.

D. Having seen(现在分词现在完成时)(see) my teacher, I greeted him. 注:过去分词做状语,分词所在句子没有主语,主语在主句中.在例A 中,city 是被看,所以用过去分词表被动.过去分词表达的这种被动的事不是发自个人的, 表达的是一个道理,一个事实; 现在分词的被动表达的是个人发出的具体的事. 如: Made (make) of wood, the table is light. 表达的是一种道理. 注: 在表达一个道理时, 必须用过去分词.其余用法的现在分词的被动也可用过去分词替代. 2) 做定语

I bought a car made(make) in Japan. 分词修饰car, 造于日本的车, 且是被动.

Many things considered(consider) impossible are common now. 许多被认为是不可能的事情, 现在已经很常见了.

△开水: boiling water 现在分词作定语, 表主动, 正在发生 boiled water 过去分词做定语, 表被动, 已经发生 △developing country 发展中国家 / developed country 发达国家 △a retired man 一个已经退休的人, 不能说a retiring man △a falling leaf 正在飘落的叶子/ a fallen leaf 落叶

△spoken English 口语(被说的英语) / English-speaking country 说英语的国家 3) 做表语

I am excited. 若说: I am exciting. 表达的是别人看我,发现我很兴奋. 不能说: The news is excited. 物做主语时, 不能用过去分词作表语. 语法练习 1. Tom is happy for passing/having passing (pass) the exam. 2. Set (set) up in 1949, China is a great country. 3. Don’t let your mother know(know) the truth. 4. I appreciate having(have) time to stay here.

5. My teacher was seen to come/coming (come) into the room. 6. Having waited(wait) for an hour, I went into the cinema.

7. Don’t you remember telling/having told(tell) me the story yesterday. 8. There is much work to be done(do).

9. I like the dress bought(buy) by my father.

10. To sleep(sleep) late in the morning, he turned off the alarm(闹钟).

11. The teacher went in, following(follow) a student. 12. The man came in, followed (follow) by a student. 13. He felt like staying (stay) here longer.

14. The computer room, opened (open) last year, is very popular. 15. The children spent an hour watching (watch) TV. 16. He seemed to have been told (tell) the story already.

17. ‘Don’t speak’, she said, looking (look) out of the window. 18. The man is said to have left (leave) yesterday. 19. Having found (find) him in the room, I went in. 20. Compared (compare) with you, I’m not good enough. 练习: 注意区别下面两组动词的用法:

1. The hotel is being built (build) now. / The hotel was built (build) last year.

The hotel will be built (build) next year. 2. The hotel being built (build) now is good. The hotel built (build) last year is good.

The hotel to be built (build) next year is good.

※having being done 的形式不能用于做定语; to be done表示的是将来的被动.

练习: 1. I don’t want to take part in the party being held (hold) upstairs.

2. The wall pained (pain) yellow is colourful. 3.The man is wearing (wear) a blue coat now. 4. The man wearing (wear) a blue coat now is Tom. 5. The exam will be held (hold) tomorrow.

6. The exam to be held (hold) tomorrow is difficult. 可以做定语的形式有:

to do, to be done, done, doing, being done,其中to be done, done, being done被动.

※分词的独立主格结构:

两个句子各有其独立的主谓宾结构,但两个句子之间没有引导词相连,且用逗号隔开,而且前后主语不一样,那么其中一个就用非谓语动词的独立主格结构来表示.有三种形式:

to do 表将来 / done 表已完成 / doing 表动作

注: 独立主格结构中没有时态与被动之分,只有这三种形式,且不能直接用动词原形.

I was told there were 50 students ___ Chinese at school most ___ were from Germany. A. study, of whom B. study, of them C. studying, of them D. studying, of whom 选择D 注这不是独立主格

1. Walking (walk) in the street, I saw him. 2. He came in, a man following (follow) him. 3. He came in and a man followed (follow) him.

4. He came in, following (follow) a man. (分词做伴随状语) 这四个句子中只有第二个句子是分词的独立主格结构. 区分下列三句话:

1. My house damaged (damage) by storm, I lost my house. 2. A storm damaging (damage) my house, I lost my house.

3. Because a storm had damaged (damage) my house, I lost my house. 这三句中, 第一, 二句是独立主格结构,第三句不是.

△ 英语中需特殊记忆的三个词: permit, allow 允许 / advise 建议后接人称名词时的构成:

permit(allow) sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 / advise sb. to do sth.劝某人做某事

后直接接动词时的构成:

permit(allow) doing sth. 允许做某事 / advise doing sth. 劝做某事 ※非谓语动词的补充内容: 一. with 结构的独立主格结构

1. The girl came in, the sweats streaming (stream) down her face. 2. My mother was riding a bike, her hair flying (fly) in the wind. 注: 头发飘属于主动态. 带with的独立主格结构:

1. He came in, with a boy following (follow) him. 表动作 2. I can’t sleep well, with so much work to do (do). 表将来 3. I went for a holiday, with my work finished (finish). 表完成

注: with 独立主格结构完全可以去掉with, 则变成普通的独立主格结构,但习惯于用带with的独立主格结构. 二. regret 后悔

regret to do 后悔没做的事, 译为: 很遗憾地…… regret doing 对已做过的事后悔

I regret telling (tell) you the news yesterday.

I regretted to tell (tell) you that I couldn’t help you. 三. stand 容忍, 忍受

I can’t stand standing (stand) so long. stand doing sth. 忍受做某事, 容忍做某事四. 英语中一个句型

On doing = when 引导的时间状语从句

When I heard the news, I cried.------ On hearing the news, I cried. 当我听到这个消息时, 我哭了.

On arriving home, I found it raining. 正确

On arriving home, it rained. 错误错在前后主语不一致.

注: on doing 句型的前后主语必须是一致的, 用on dong 省略主语. When I am being seen by the students, I am nervous. -------- On being seen by the students, I am nervous.

注: 还有on being done, on having been done, on having done等延伸形式练习: 1. I expected my watch to be repaired (repair) soon. 2. I hoped my watch would be repaired (repair) soon.

3. He means to study (study) well. mean to do sth. 打算做某事 4. I was seen to come/coming (come) in. 5. My house will be painted (paint) soon. 语法练习:

1. The new building to be finished(要竣工的)/finished(已经竣工的) (finish) this year belongs to him.

2. He came to study English, hoping(hope) to go abroad.

3. There being (be) no rain, the flowers will die. 属独立主格结构 doing 4. Do you remember being taken (take) to hospital yesterday. 5. He sat listening (listen) to her climbing (climb) the stairs.

6. He finished his work and went on to help (help) me. 7. Don’t make him do (do) if he doesn’t want to . 8. I bought a house, the windows facing (face) the south. 9. Look around when crossing (cross) the street.

10. To know (know) a foreign language, one must study hard. 11. Do you know the girl sitting (sit) near the door. 12. The two farmers carrying (carry) two bags are tired. 13. He came in without being seen (see) by his teacher. 14. I have so much work to do (do).

15. The story book is said to be kept/to have been kept (keep) for a week. 16. I look forward to visiting (visit) Beijing.

17. Can you imagine him/his failing (he fail) the exam? 18. He suggested bringing (bring) his car here.

19. We advised him to stop (stop) working (work) on the work. 20. Having read (read) for an hour, I stopped and rested. work on sth. 从事于…… / work at sth. 致力于某事

语法练习:

1. The book is worth reading (read).

2. He came in, with a book held (hold) in his hand. 3. The hotel painted (paint) yellow looks clean. 4. Wearing (wear) a white shirt, my son looks cool. 5. We allow the girl to speak (speak) at the meeting.

6. We stand and saw the sun rise (rise). see do 过程/ see doing 瞬间

7. It’s no use talking (talk) with him.

8. Dressed (dress) a hat, you looked funny. 过去分词表被动 9. I bought a car made (make) in 2006. 过去分词表一种事实 10. The sun to set/setting/ set (set) , we were excited.

11. Not receiving/ Not having received (receive) a reply, I was worried. 12. I must say sorry for not passing (not pass) the exam. 13. He refused to let (let) me help (help) him.

14. The man was heard to sing/ singing (sing) a song upstairs.

15. The man is believed to have gone (go) abroad already. 16. He suggested being sent (send) to America.

17. I found a house facing (face) the sea. Face 做定语用现在分词形式

18. My son seems to be sleeping (sleep) now.

19. Having studied (study) English for two years, I can speak it well now.

20. On having been told/ being told (tell) the news, I was excited. 语法练习:

1. Passing (pass) the bookshop, he stopped to buy (buy) a book. 2. Being (Because, As, Being) ill, I stayed at home.

3. Taken (take) good care of, the old is happy. 过去分词表被动 4. Do you know the girl seated (seat) beside you? 表一种状态 5. The doctor told me to drink much boiled (boil) water. 6. The man talked (talk) about so much will be here tomorrow. 7. Do you know the girl sitting (sit) beside you?

8. The work finished (finish), I went home.

9. The building being repaired (repair) now is our school. 10. The story is moving (move), and we are all moved (move). 11. I’m pleased to see the problem solved (solve). 12. You’d better be (be) ready at 7 o’clock. 13. Would you mind my/me opening (open) the door?

14. We must keep on practicing (practice) studying (study) English. 15. No one enjoy being made (make) fun of in public. 16. Your English needs to be improved/improving (improve). 17. I don’t mind not being invited (invite) to the party. 18. I regret to tell (tell) you that I can’t help you.

19. The girl was made to marry (marry) a man she didn’t love. 20. My mother has much to worry (worry). have sth. to do.

21. The letter isn’t on the desk, I remember posting (post) it for you. 22. We regretted telling (tell) her the news yesterday. 23. They didn’t allow me to smoke (smoke) here.

24. When taken (take) to warm room, ice will turn to water. 语法练习:

1. I don’t mind being left (leave) at home alone. 2. The teacher devoted himself to teaching (teach). 3. We looked forward to visiting (visit) the museum.

4. China is a developing (develop) country belonging (belong) to the third word.

5. The news surprised (surprise) me, so the news was surprising (surprise).

6. When leaving (leave) the airport, they waved to me.

7. The story is said to be translate (translate) into Chinese soon. 8. Turn (turn) to the left and you’ll see your school. 9. To catch (catch) up with others, I must study hard. 10. I don’t mean to make (make) you feel (feel) angry. 11. The teacher went on teaching (teach) us after a rest. 12. Being (be) busy, I can’t go with you.

13. They are at table, talking (talk) about their holiday. 14. People make much paper made (make) from plant. 15. It getting (get) dark now, I had to stay here. 16. The thief was brought in, with his hands tied (tie). 17. When finished (finish), the museum will be opened to us. 18. The story wants explaining/to be explained (explain) again. 19. You must study instead of watching (watch) TV.

20. The missing boy was last seen swimming (swim) in the river. 语法练习:

1. He can’t take part in the party being held/to be held (hold) upstairs. 2. One learns a language by making mistakes and correcting (correct) them.

3. He send me an e-mail, hoping (hope) to get more news. 4. I really appreciate having (have) time with you.

5. Football is played in 80 countries, making (make) it the most popular sports.

6. The policeman came to a house, stood (stand) for a while and came in. 7. He sat on a chair, reading (read) a letter.

8. I don’t feel like climbing (climb) the mountain now.

9. I was very sleepy, I tried opening (open) my eyes, but I couldn’t. 10. We can’t imagine Peter sailing (sail) across the Atlantic alone. 11. A program called (call) Fantasy is popular now. 12. To keep (keep) healthy, you mustn’t eat rich food. 13. Covered (cover) with rubbish, the floor is untidy.

14. The bell ringing (ring), we finished our lesson. 注: 铃响是主动 15. Your mother seemed to be sleeping(sleep) at home now. 16. Don’t used the words known (know) by only few people. 17. My sister is said to study (study) well.

18. The picture pained (pain) by my father is on the wall now. 19.The cook was fired(解雇)because he was found smoking (smoke) in the kitchen

20. He is always busy working (work).

21. This is one of the houses built (build) last year. 22. Having been seen (see) by the man, the thief ran away. 23. Being seen (see) by me, the boy felt nervous. 24. Seen (see) from the hill, the city is beautiful. 25. Weather permitting (permit), we will have a holiday. 26. Nobody can help him to do (do) such a thing. 27. Students can’t stand studying (study) so long. 语法练习:

1. They didn’t ask the teacher, afraid of being laughed (laugh) at. 2. The baby is sleeping, his lip moving (move).

3. They are looking forward to being given (give) many present. 4. Fish can eat a person in two minutes, leaving (leave) only bone. 5. Nobody couldn’t help crying (cry) at the news.

6. I looked around, seeing (see) a man putting (put) his hand into a man’s pocket.

7. The boy is considering helping (help) his friend.

8. Having found (find) my money stolen, I was worried. 9. The car bought (buy) from Japan is very nice. 10. He walked, carrying (carry) a book. 11. It’s no good talking (talk) with him.

12. He sat on the chair, took (take) out a letter and read it. 13. Not knowing (know) the accident, he went out as usual. 14. Don’t risk climbing (climb) the tree.

15. He went in another way to avoid being seen (see) by his teacher. 16. Study (study) hard and you will study well.

17. The thief was caught stealing (steal) money. 注: 偷的动作是主动发生的

18. I walked in the street, singing (sing) a song. 19. Dressed (dress) in red, you look nice.

20. Having been criticized (criticize) by the teacher, I was angry. △I saw him 1 / 3 (come). He was seen 2 / 3 (come) into the room.

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1. come 2. to come 3. coming

△ The car was seen stolen (steal)/ broken (break). 在此结构中, 过去分词用来表被动.

第二十课

1. catch v. 做及物动词: 1) 赶上 catch the bus / 2) 抓住 catch the fish

不及物动词时的固定搭配短语:

1) catch up with 赶上 I can’t catch up with him because he runs fast.

2) catch hold of 握住

2. boot 靴子(常以复数形式出现)

a pair of boots The pair of boots is new./ Three pairs of boots are new.

3. waste v. 浪费 Don’t waste time playing (play). 不要浪费时间去玩.

waste time doing sth. 浪费时间做某事 n. 浪费 waste paper 废纸

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Don’t throw the waste paper to everywhere.

=Don’t throw about waste paper. 别把废纸到处扔. It’s a waste of time/money. 这是浪费时间/金钱.

4. realize / real adj.(=true) He is a real hero. really adv. I’m really tired. realize v.

1) 实现 My dream will be realized(被动) /will come true. 我的梦想将成真。

2) 意识到+ that 从句/ +n.

I realized that I was wrong. / I realized my mistakes. 语法知识

1. He sat there. He didn’t say a word.------ 合并成一句：

He sat there without saying a word. / He sat there, not saying a word. 2. I came late. I was sorry. ------- I was sorry for coming late. 3. He looked at his watch. He went out.------- Looking at his watch, he went out.

4. He congratulated me. I won the game.-------

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He congratulated me on having won the game. 固定搭配词组：

congratulate sb. on (doing) sth. 因某事向某人祝贺 be interested in (doing) sth. 对某事感兴趣 be keen on doing sth. 喜欢做某事

e afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事/ be capable of doing sth. 能够做某事语法练习：

1. No one can avoid being influenced (influence) by TV. 2. Weather permitting (permit), I will have a picnic.

3.With so many problems to solve (solve), I can’t have a good sleep.(独

立主格表将来)

4. The hotel to be built (build) next year will be a five-star hotel. 5. The story book is said to have been translated (translate) into English last year.

6. He is looking forward to being invited (invite) to a party soon.

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7.Seeing a thief come in, (the door is open,the thief ran away,the man ran away).

8. __ and happy, the man stood up and got the prize. (Surprised, Surprising, Being surprised)

9. Can you recognize the man having beard. (has, who having, having) 10. He apologized to me. He came late. 用动名词连成一句： He apologized to me for his coming late.

第二十一课

单词注释：

1. mad adj. 疯了／ crazy 疯狂 be crazy about sth. 热衷于做某事 I’m crazy about studying English. / Studying English made me mad. Crazy English. 疯狂英语 2. reason n. 原因

Can you tell me the reason why you came late? 你能告诉我你来晚的原因吗？

That’s why I study English. 那就是我学英语的原因．

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v. reason with ……劝说

My mother often reasons with me, but I don’t listen to her. 我妈妈经常劝我，但我不听她的．

3. sum n. 量 a large sum of …… 大量 A large sum of money is (be) on the table.

A large sum of money has been lost/ is lost. 一大笔钱丢了。

4. determine v. 决定，决心 / determined adj. 坚定的，下决心的 be determined to do sth. 下决心做某事

I’m determined to study English well./ I decide to study English well. I make up my mind to study English well. 我下决心学好英语。 ※注意下两句，必须这样做：

Determined (determine) to study well, I study hard. Deciding (decide) to study well, I study hard. 5. drive v. 1) 驾驶（汽车）

2) 驱赶 Drive the pigs into the pigsty(猪圈).

Drive the cattle(奶牛，不可数)/ cows out of the field.

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3) 迫使 My mother drives me to study English. drive sb. to do sth. 语法知识：被动语态

1. I had to sweep the floor.------- The floor had to be swept. 2. He will send me a letter.------ A letter will be sent to me./I will be sent a letter.

3.He is writing a litter.------ A letter is being written. 4. You must read English.------- English must be read.

5. He has found his wallet. ------- His wallet has been found. 情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+ be done

如：You have to repair your car.------- Your car has to be repaired. have to do 句型的被动：have to be done.

练习：1. The car is made (make) in Jappan. 注：1,2句表达一种事实，

2. English is spoken (speak) all over the world. 用一般现在时的被动态

3. The building was built (build) last year. 4. The house will be painted (paint) soon.

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5. The hotel to be finished (finish) next year is good. 注意下列两个词组的区别：

for some reason 因为某种原因 for some reasons 因为一些原因

come into use 启用（注：这个词组本身就表被动，用在句中不用被动态） The house came (come) into use last year. 语法练习：

1. I had to deliver(送) the letter by hand.---- The letter had to be delivered by hand.

2. He will present me a present soon.---- A present will be presented to me soon.

3. You must have found the bike. ----- The bike must have been found (by you).

4. Determined (determine) to stay here, I will buy a house. 5. The meeting to be held (hold) tomorrow is very important. 6. English is used(use) all over the world. 7. The house came (come) into use last year.

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8. The room is cleaned (clean) twice a day.

9. A large sum of money has been lost (lose) already.

10. I accepted the job offered (offer) to me. 用过去分词表已发生的动作。

第二十二课

单词注释：

1.dream n. 梦 I had a dram last night.

Dream will be true(come true). 梦想将会实现. v. (dreamt, dreamt) dream of/ about 梦到

I had a dream last night and I dreamt you. 昨晚我做了一个梦,我梦到了你.

dream that 从句: I dreamt that I went to a good college. 2. age. n. 年龄 What’s your age? 你多大了? We are the same age.= I’m as old as you. 咱俩同岁.

3.channel n. 1) 海峡 the English Channel = the Channel 英吉利海峡

2) 电视频道

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4. throw away / throw about / throw into / throw at / throw to 扔掉 / 到处扔 /扔到……里/扔给(有怒气地砸向对方)/扔给(不带感情)

5. think v. 认为, 后接宾语从句

I think he’s ill, isn’t he ? / I don’t think he is ill, is he? I don’t think he studies well, does he?

注: think从句的反疑疑问对从句反问, 但反疑句的肯定或否定则看主句.

think of /about 考虑

I’m thinking of this question. 我正在考虑这个问题呢! think over = think of sth. carefully 仔细考虑 Please think it over. 请把它仔细考虑一下. 6. write to sb. 给某人写信(=write a letter to sb.)

hear from sb. 收到某人的来信(= receive a letter from sb.) each other = one another 互相

We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助.

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We should learn from each other. 我们应当彼此互相学习. 7. protect (prevent[pri＇vent] / keep) from 保护…… depend on = rely on 取决, 依靠…… 8. count on 指望……

9. be proud of = take pride in = pride on 以……为自豪语法练习:

1. The warm coat can keep me from colds. (at, against, from, for) 2. You can’t rely on him because he never keeps his words. (from, on, in, at)

keep one’s words 守信用

3. The students failed in the Maths. (in, at, on, for)

4. American English differs from British English. (at, from, in , on) 5.The man always lends money to his friends and never pay it back.(to,from,for,back)

6. The man escaped from the prison and he would be caught in ten days’ time.

(to, from, in, for)

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7. Yesterday I heard from my friend and I wrote back to him. (to, of, from, back)

8. I dislike him, but it’s hard to get rid of him. (back, of, off, from) 9. Are you interested in music? (at, in, on, for) get rid of 摆脱

10.He invested a large sum of money in the buildings.(at,in,on,) invest in在…投资

第二十三课

单词注释:

1. complete v. 完成,竣工(通常

指建筑物等)

finish v. 可用于做作业,也可用于建筑等 The house will be completed/ finished soon. I’ll finish my homework in two hour’s time.

adj. 完全的 That’s complete failure. 这是完全失败的.

completely adv. 完全地 You must do your homework completely. 2.modern adj. 时髦的, 现代化的 / modernize v. 使……时髦

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You must modernize our motherland. 我们必须使我们的祖国现代化. 3.stange adj. 奇怪的, 陌生的 You’re strange to me. 对我来说,你很陌生.

be strange to sb. 对某人来说, 很陌生/奇怪

stranger n. 陌生人 You are a stranger to me. 对我而言, 你是一个陌生人.

4.district n.(=area) 地区 My house is the most modern in the district(area).

My address is At No. 99 Renmin Road, Zhenxing district, Dandong City. 我家在丹东市振兴区人民路99号. 语法知识:

一. it 的用法

1) 表“时间” It’s two

o’clock.

2) 表“距离” It’s 5 miles from my

home to school.

3) 表“天气” It often snows in

winter.

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4) 表“形式主语” It’s easy for me

to answer the question.

5) 不确定性别的情况下，用

“ it” Who is it? 是谁呀？

练习： 1.There is no news of him. (there, it)

2.It will be stormy. 3.There will be a storm. (there, it)

注：there be 表“有”的意义，跟在there be 后面的一定是“名词”， it is 后面的是形容词。二．情态动词表猜测

1.对过去情况猜测：may have done

Perhaps he has seen the film. ----- He may have seen the film. Perhaps he was here yesterday.------- He may have been here yesterday. 2.对现在情况猜测: may be doing

Perhaps/Maybe he is a teacher.------- He may be a teacher.

Perhaps hi’s doing his homework.------- He may be doing his homework. 3.对将来情况猜测：may + 动词原形

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Perhaps it will rain.------- It may rain.

三．It’s necessary for me to go now.= I must go now./I have to go now. It was necessary for me to go now.= I had to go now.(must一般过去式也用had to)

练习：1.He told me he had never seen (never see) the film. 2.After I have completed (complete) the house, I’ll live in it. 3.Before I went (go) to study, I had had lunch. 4.If he comes (come) here, I will be (be) 5.He may be sleeping (may sleep) at home now.

Δwork 是不及物动词，后面若接宾语，必须接上介词“at, on”，意思随宾语不同而不同： I am working on my car.(修车)/my homework(做作业)/apples(吃苹果) 语法练习：

1.Perhaps it rained yesterday.----- It may have rained yesterday. 2.Is it necessary for her to see a doctor?------ Must she see a doctor? 3.When he completes (complete) his work, h will return home. 4. The house to be completed (complete) next year is very modern.

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5. You can’t see me at this time tomorrow, because I will be flying (fly) to England.

6. Did you tell her you had never known (never know) the news before? 7. Everywhere is quiet. They must be sleeping (sleep) now.

8. Look at the clouds. There will be a thunderstorm(暴风雨). (there, it) 9. There is a bus that leaves in ten minutes later. (there, it) 10. It is a pity that he failed the exam. (there, it)

第二十四课

单词注释：

1.manager n. 经理／manage v. 经营，管理 / management n. 经营，管理

The management of the company is very good. I want to manage a shop in the future. 2.upset v. 使不安（-upset-upset）用法同“surprise”: surprise 使吃惊

To my surprise,…… 令我吃惊的是…… / I’m surprise. 我很吃惊。

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The news is surprising. 这个消息令人吃惊。 The news surprised me. 这个消息令我吃惊。

I’m upset. 我很不安。 / The news is upsetting. 这个消息令人不安。 I felt upset / surprise / excited. 我觉得很不安/很吃惊/很兴奋。 3.sympathetic adj. 表示同情的 / be sympathetic with …… 同情……

I’m sympathetic with you very much.

sympathize v. 同情（后接with） / sympathy n. 同情

4.complain vi.(不及物动词) 抱怨：complain of/about sb. /sth. complaint n. 抱怨，投诉(可数)

I’m a manager. I often receive a lot of complaints every day. 5.wicked adj. 很坏的，邪恶的 She is a wicked wicker. 她是个邪恶的巫婆。

6.contain v. 包含，内装 My wallet contained 5 yuan. What does the bay contain? 包里装了什么？

7.honesty n.诚实(不可数) / honest adj. 诚实的-----dishonest 不诚实的

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There is some honesty in the world. / He is honest. 8.lose—lost---lost 过去分词可做形容词，表“丢失” miss missing 现在分词表“丢失”

His money is lost/missing. 他的钱丢了。/ He lost(动词过去式) his money.

9.leave—left---left

1) 离开He’ll leave for Beijing.他将前往北京。/ He’ll leave Beijing.他将离开北京。

He’ll leave Beijing for Dandong. 他将离开北京去丹东。 2）遗忘，落下 He left his bag in the room. 3）剩余 There is no water left. 没剩下水。

There is no remaining water. (多余的) 注：left 置于被修饰的名词之后，remaining放在修饰的词前。语法练习：

1.He is sympathetic with. I thank for his sympathy (sympathize). 2. The boy is very honest, you can find honesty in him(honesty).

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3. Everybody has been (be) here before, haven’t they?

4. I felt very upset because the final exam upset me (upset). 5. The police are looking (look) for the missing boy now.

6. I’m sorry I my wallet.(lost, am lost, missing, missed) 7. The boy by the window. (was sat, was seated, seated, was seating)

8. By the end of last month, I had received (receive) my salary. 9. a slight headache, I was all right.(Apart, Except for, Except from, Besides)

10. My conversation was intrrupted (interrupt) by a knock at the door. 语法练习：

1.He hopes his son studies(study) well. 2.The police are looking(look) after his son.

3.Seeing/Having seen (see) my teacher, I greeted her. 4. The hotel being repaired (repair) now is old.

5. By the end of last week, I had finished (finish) the book.

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6.After I study(study),I’ll go home. 8.The car needs repairing/to be repaired(repair).

7. Before he went to bed, he had turned (turn) off the light.

9. He expected his watch to be found (find). 10. I don’t mind helping (help) you.

11. If he doesn’t tell (tell) me, I won’t be (not be) angry. 12.The knife will be sharpened(sharpen)soon. 13.He said he had been(be)here before.

14. Up to now, the museum has been visited (visit) by many people. 15.He hasn’t received (not receive) my answer since last year. 1. Before I go home, I will see (see) my friend. 2. The school built (build) last year is my school. 3. He ran away to avoid being seen (see) by his teacher. 4. The girl came in taking (take) a book in her hand. 5. So far, the thirf hasn’t been caught (not catch).

6. He looks handsome when he wears/is wearing (wear) a suit.表一种状态

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7. He felt sorry for coming (come) late again. 8. The room is painted (paint) twice a year. 9. English is spoken (speak) all over the world. 10. The boy needs to cut (cut) his hair tomorrow. 中考10道题：

1. The train has just .(arrived, got, arrived at, reached) 2. Do you think Chinese is foreign language?

(so intersting as, as easier as, much popular than, more diffecult than) 3. What do you mean saying that? (of, to ,with, by) 4. I’m sorry he’s for years. (die, died, dying, dead) 5. China is a country. (develop, developed, developing, to develop)

6. I don’t know it will be fine tomorrow.(weather, if, while, when)

7. Do you know ?

(where is he from, what’s her name, which suit to buy, why didn’t he come)

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8. Mr. Li isn’t here now, he to the West Farm.(has been, is going, has gone,went)

9. I think I will have a holiday soon.(four-days,four-day, four days’,four day)

10. Let’s give him to eat.

(something different, different anything,anything different, different something) 语法练习：

1The boby is sleeping now,please the radio a bit.(turn up,turn off,turn down,turn on)

2. Must I get up early?No, . (you mustn’t,youneedn’t,you don’t have to, you can’t)

3.It me about two hours in the city.

(spent,travel; spent,traeling; took,to ravel; took,taveling) 4. The students were sorry to know the singer for an hour. (has left, has gone, has been away, has gone away) 在下句中，open是形容词

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5.The new restaurant next month.(is opened, is open,will be open,is going to open)

6. I’m sorry to know my money .(stealing, missed, losing, lost) 丢，表状态

7. Would you please in the room?(don’t play,not to play, not play, not playing)

8. You can hardly see the words in the blackboard, ? (don’t you, do you, can you, can’t you)

9. Have you Australia?(gone to,ever gone to, ever been to, been in) 10. The museum two years ago.(was built, built, had built, has built)

第二十五课

单词注释：

1.railway n. 铁路 railway station =train station 火车站/railway line 铁路线

2. porter n. 1）搬运工，2）检票员 3. several 几个，（more than three）

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several hundred students 好几百名学生

※ hundred:1）前面有确定的数字时，其后不加“-s”,如two hundred 2) 表数以百计的，则在其后加“-s”，如：hundreds of stuends

4. foreigner n.外国人 / foreign adj. 外国的 / foreign language 外语

5. wonder v. 纳闷，想知道（=want to know）

I wonder what your name is./where he lives. 注：从句中疑问句要用陈述语序。语法：并列句

引导词：and, but, so ,yet, both…and…, either…or…, neihter…nor…,

not only…but also…

如：I study hard, yet(然而) I don’t study well.

※注：英语中，“although, though”引导的从句，不能用“but”，但可用“yet”, 表达：“虽然…但是…”的意思；“because”与“so”不能连用，因为“because”引导的是原因状语从句，面“so”引导的是并列句。例：1) He came in, a girl followed him.

2) He came in and a girl followed him.

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3) He came in, a girl following him.

这三句中，1，3句是独立主格结构，只有第二句是由and引导的并列句。 ※英语中两个简单句之间必须有引导词相连。若不用引导词，则其中一个句子必须用独立主格结构。 △必须掌握的相关语法点：

1.‘both’作主语，谓语动词必须用复数。

I study both english and Chinese. / Both you and I are studying English. Both of them are studying English. / They both are studying English. 2. either…or…采取就近原则

Either I or he studies well. / Either he or I study well.

3.‘either’做主语，谓语动词用“单数”: Either of us srudies well. 4. ‘neither…nor…’采取就近原则，表“两者当中一个也不”；‘neither’做主语，谓语动词用单数。

Neither I nor he studies well. / Neither he nor I study well. /Neither of us studies well.

5. 英语中“也”有四种表示法：

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also(放于句中);too(用于句尾，前用逗号隔开),as well(用于句尾，不用逗号隔开)；either（用于否定句中）

6. not only…but also…词组做主语，谓语动词用复数

I am a teacher. He is a teacher.------Not only I but also he are teachers. I study not only English but also Chinese.

I speak English not only slowly but also clearly.

※难点：‘each,every’：每一个，只能放在名词之前，作定语（只此一种用法）

Every girl is very good. / Each of the girls is very good./ Each girl is very good.

Each of them is good. = They each are good.

注：可以说：each one of them.但不可说:every one of them 因every后不能接of 语法练习：

1. He doesn’t srudy English . He doesn’t study Chinese. (改用neither…nor…)

-----He study neither English nor Chinese.

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2. My son hasn’t been here. I haven’t been here. (neither…nor…) -----Neither my son nor I have been here.

3. The man is rich. The woman is rich. (not only…but also…) -----Not only the man but also the woman is rich. 4. He is singing. His friend is singing. (both…and) -----Both he and his friend is singing.

5. You must sweep the floor. You must wash the dishes. (either or…) -----You must either sweep the floor or wash the dishes.

6. There are trees on side of the street.(both, either, neither, all)

7. of them studies hard. (Each one, Everyone, Both, All) 8. They each here before. (has been, have been, was, were) 9. The students have something to read. (both, either, neither, too)

10. Either you or he now. (is studying, are studying, study, have studied)

第二十六课

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单词注释

1.art n. 艺术 / black art 巫术，妖术/ artist 艺术家 / artiste 艺人

2.critic n. 评论家 criticize v. 批评/criticism n. 批评 critical adj. 批评的，挑剔的 / critically adv.

Sm [zεm] Socialism 社会主义的 / Captalism 资本主义的 3.paint n. 油画 / painter 1) 画家，2）油漆工 draw 用铅笔画 / drawer 抽屉

4. material n. 材料（不可数） realing material 阅读材料 5. appreciate v. 欣赏，感激 appreciate + n./doing sth. I apprreciate your help./your speaking english. 6. notice v. 注意到（是感观动词） n. 通知 I noticed a man come/coming (come) in.

7. upside – down 悬挂得上下颠倒 / the right way up 悬挂得正确 inside – out (衣服里外穿反了) / back to front (衣服前后穿反了) 8. hang-hung-hung 挂 I hung a picture on the wall.

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hang-hanged-hanged 上吊，绞死

※9. pretend v. 假装可接不定式的任何形式不定式的主动：to do / to be doing / to have done 不定式的被动：to be done /无 / to have been done pretend + to do sth./ that 从句

He pretended to be sleeping./ He pretended to be a teacher. He pretended to have finished the work already.

He pretended to have been given a resent already./ to be given a present soon.

He expected his bike to be found (find) soon. /The bike will be found (find) soon.

The hotel to be finished (finish) soon is good. 语法知识：一般现在时

英语中很多动词很少用进行时态，面用一般现在时表示进行时的动作： appear, appreciate, believe, feel, forget, hear, know, like, look like, notice, remember, resemble[ri’zembl] (类似，相似), see, think(that), understand, live

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△一种固定搭配：‘whether…or not’ 注：这里的‘whether’不能用‘if’替，只有在宾语从句中，二者才可以互换。

He always tells me whether he’s good or not. 语法练习：

1. When I came in, they pretended to be sleeping (sleep). 2. He is said to have gone (go) abroad last year.

3. She and her sister are in the way of speaking. (like, same, alike ,close)

4. Could you tell me at the meeting yeterday?

(what he said, what did he say, what he says, what does he say) 5. Have you got any VCDs about the piano concert? No, I haven’t . (one, some, any, them)

6. His hobby is taking photos swimming. It’s singing. (eihter…or…; neither…nor…; both… and; not only…but also…) 7. That depends on we have money or not. (if, whether, what, who) 8. of us have been to Japan. (Every, Each, One, None)

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9. Yesterday, my mother hung (hang) clothes on the line.

10. I don’t appreciate . (his speak; his speaking, he speaking, he speaks) 试卷总结：

1.ask v. 问 / ask for 要/ ask sb. for sth. 向某人要某物 ask sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事 2. except 除…之外（不包括除去的对象） besides 除…之外（包括除去的对象）

except for 除…之外（不包括除去的对象，且可用于句首）

We all pass the exam except you. / The street is empty except for a few cars.

Your composition is good except for a few mistakes.

3. remind v.提醒 remind sb.+ of(about) sth./ to do sth. / that 从句

4. 工作：work(不可数) / job (可数)

5. many, much 用于疑问句和否定句中，a lot of 用于肯定句中

第二十七课

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单词注释：

1.tent n. 帐蓬 / put up a tent 搭帐蓬 / camel 骆驼 2.field n. 田野，领域 / in the field 在田野上/ scientific field 科技领域

3.smell v. 闻起来（smelled-smelled/ smelt-smelt） n. 味道

注意：1) You look good. 错 ‘good’指人品好坏，‘well’指身体状态的好坏。

2) You smiled happy. 错。‘smile’属实意动词，应该用副词来修饰。 3) You look happy. 对 /You are happy. 对。

注：英语中半系数动词：look(看起来); smell(闻起来); sound(听起来); feel(摸起来);

Taste(尝起来)。这些词在英语中不存在被动形式，主语大多用物，其后接形容词。（‘look’除外）。例： The material feels sofe. / The food smelt good.

The smell smells good(terrible). 这个味道闻起来很好（不好）。 4. camp n./v. 宿营 / summer(winter) camp 夏令营（冬令营）/ campfire 篝火

5. creep –crept-crept 在平地爬 /climb 纵向爬

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6. comfortable adj. 舒服的，舒适的/ comfortably adv. I live comfortably. / I feel comfortably.

comfort n. 舒适 /v. 安慰 I live in comfort.= I live comfortably. I can feel your comfort. / He often comforts me.

7. sound v. 听起来/ n. 声音 / voice n.声音（专指人的声音）/ noise 噪音

fast asleep / sound asleep 固定词组，表“睡得很香甜” 注：‘sleep’是形容词，只能作表语。

sleep soundly / sleep seeply 均表“睡得很香甜”

8. leap-leapt-leapt v. 跳跃 Look before you leap. 三思而后行 9. heavy adj. 重的heavy smoke / traffic / rain / snow浓烟/拥挤的交通/大雨/大雪

heavily It’s raining heavily. 10. stream n. 小溪 / v. 流淌

11. wind [wind] n. 风 /[waind] v. 蜿蜒（wound-wound） heavy / strong wind 大风

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12. 几个短语

somtime 日后某个时候，用于将来时 I’ll see you sometime. some time 表一段时间 He stayed here for some time. sometimes 有时 He comes late sometimes. 13. put 短语

put on 穿上 put up 搭起，张贴，建立 put sb. up 给某人留信

put up with(=bear stand) 忍

受 put down 把…放下，抄写 put off 推迟 put out 扑灭 put away 把…收拾好语法知识：一般过去时

He came here yesterday. 有明显的过去时间状语

He lived here for a year. 一般过去时表过去的动作，对现在无影响。 He has lived here for a year. 现在完成时，表过去动作，对现在有影响。 When did you see him? 由‘when’引导的句子一定是过去时。语法练习：

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1. The lady’s voice beautiful. (sings, hears, listens, sounds) 2. Coffee is ready! How nice it ! Would you like some?(feels,smells,sounds,looks)

3. Lily does well in cooking and so do I .------句式转换： Not only Lily but also I do well in cooking.

4. Shall we go to camp this afternoon?---Let’s go camping this afternoon, shall we?

5.Our sports meeting has been put till nixt Wednesday because of bad weather.(on, off, out, down)

6. I in Dandong for ten years and I never regret livingin Shanghai now.

(lived, have lived, lives, will live)

7. What a nice bike! How long you it? Just two weeks. (will, buy; did,buying; have, bought; have, had )

8. Few students are in the classroom.What about others? They a football match on the playground. (have watched, are watching, watch, watched)

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9. –Who made a phone when I was out?—I don’t , but it was a girl’s .(sound, number, answer, voice) 10. Mum, I think I’m to go back to school. (so well,go good,well enough,good enough.)

第二十八课

单词注释：

1. rare adj. 很少的 rare metal 稀有金属 People like you are rare. 像你这样的人很少见。

2. ancient adj. 古老的（强调一种文化底蕴） China is an ancient country.

3. myth n. 神话 / mystery 谜 His death is still a mystery.

4. trouble n. 麻烦（不可数） I’m sorry to give you so much trouble.

have trouble with sb. 与某人之间有过结

have trouble(difficulty) (in) doing sth. 费力做某事

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trouble v. 麻烦，给…困扰 I’m sorry to trouble. 对不起打扰您了。

5. effect n. 结果，效果 have effect on sth./sb. 对某事/某人有效果（有影响）

The midicine doesn’t have effect on me/my illness.

afffect [ε’fekt] v. 影响 Weather can affect me./ have effect on me.

语法知识：定语从句

引导词：who, that ,whom, which, whose 以上关系代词在句中做宾语或主语；where, when, why 以上关系副词在句中做状语。

例：1. I know a girl. The girl studies English well.----

I know a girl who(that) studies English well.

2.I know a girl. My mother likes the girl.---I know a girl whom(that) my mother likes.

3.I bought a bag. The bag is on the table.---I bought a bag which is on the table.

4.He went to the room where I live/ which I live in. 注意两个从句用法的不同

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5. Please tell me the reason why you came late. 6. I’ll never forget the day when I saw you. ※下列情况下，关系代词只能用‘that’：

1. 先行词在有最高级： You are the best boy that I saw . 2. 先行词中有序数词： You are the first man that came here.

3. 先行词中有不定代词：There is something that I don’t understand. 4. 先行词有‘the only, the very, some, every, no, all, few’等词:

He’s the only man that knows it. ※下列情况下，关系代词不能用‘that’：

1. 在非限定性定语从句中：I know a man, who speaks English well. 2. 介词提前时： This is the house in which I live. 语法练习：

1. He has much trouble studying (study) English well.

2. Have you Australia? (gone to, ever gone to, ever been to, been in)

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3. have you wouked here?Since last month.(How long,How often,When,What time)

4.She joined the Party three years ago.---She has been a party member for three years.

5. We have been students here for about three years.--- We began to study here about three years ago.

6. He’s already a little good at English, he? (is, isn’t, has, hasn’t)

7. New York, last year, is a nice city.

(that I visited, which I visited, where I visited, in which I vesited) 8. Have you seen the film actors are famous? (its, it’s, whose, which)

9. He is the only person knows the new. (who, whom, which, that) 10. He is the very man I asked for. (who, which, that, whom) 词汇积累： cartoon : 卡通片 / cheat=deceive : v. 欺骗 be good at + sth. / doing sth. 擅长做某事

第二十九课

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单词注释：

1. taxi n. 出租车

I want to take a taxi to my school./ to go to school by taxi. 我想打车去学校。

2. land v. 着陆（主语通常是飞机等交通工具） / island 岛屿 take off v. 1）起飞 2）脱衣服 3）物价的上涨

The aerolpane landed ten minutes ago./ The aerophone will land in ten minutes’ time.

land n. 土地（不可数名词） I want to have a piece of land. 一块土地 3. plough [plau] v. 耕地 cough [kэ:f] 咳嗽

The farmers are ploughing for sowing. 农民们正在为了播种耕地. 注意区别: sewing 缝纫 / sowing 播种 / seeding 撒籽

This is a piece of ploughed (plough) field. 这是一块耕过了的土地. The plane can’t land on the ploughed field. 飞机不能在耕过的土地上着陆.

4. lonely adj. 孤独的, 孤零的(强调个人的情感) alone adj. 独自一人的(不含个人情感色彩)

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I’m alone, but I’m not lonely. 我独自一人, 但我不感到孤独. 注: ‘lonely’即可做定语,又可做表语; ‘alone’只能做表语. 与’alone’同样只能做表语的词: awake(苏醒的), asleep(睡着的), afraid(害怕的)

‘alone’的特殊用法: 汉语意思为“单单……”： Studying English alone takes me ten years.

Buying the coat alone cost me 50 yuan. 单单买这件衣服就花了我50元。 ※ ‘alone’当“单单……”讲时，必须放在所修饰词的后面。 5. roof n. 屋顶 on the roof of… 在……顶上 6. a block of building = a building 一幢大楼

7. flat n. 公寓 / adj. 平的 My bike is flat. 我的自行车没气了。 8. desert [di’zз:t] v. 废弃 / [’dezз:t] n. 沙漠（可数名词） deserted car park 废弃的停车场语法知识：一般过去时和现在完成时

He saw (see) me ten years ago. 注:‘ago’前必须加具体时间，用于般过去时。

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Have you seen (see) him so far(讫今为止)。

He has seen (see) me before.‘before’前可加也可不加具体时间,用于现在完成时。

He in Shanghai for sive years, buthe doesn’t regret living in Beijing now.

lived, has lived. 这是一般过去时，因已经与现在没有关系了。几个知识点：

1. bring 带来（从某处带来某物）

take 拿走（从某地或某人处带走） fetch 去拿（去某地取某物并带回） Go to the kitchen and fetch me some water. When you go to the kitchen, bring me some water/

2. very 表结果是肯定的：The water is very hot, but I can drink. too 表结果是否定的：The water is too hot, I can’t drink. 3. deny 否认 + n. /doing sth.(否认做某事)/that 从句 refuse +sth. / to do sth. 拒绝做某事

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语法练习：

1. He felt ill last week, he is still ill taday.----He has been ill since last week.

2. My mother want to Beijing last week and she hasn’t come back yet.---- My mother has gone to Beijing.

3. your homework yet? Not yet, I it after supper

(Have you done, do; Did you do, did; Have you done, will do; Did you do, are doing)

4. He’s back from Japan, ? (hasn't he, is he, isn’t he, has he) 5. Building the tmple took them ten years. (only, lonely, alone, easy)

6. The country life he lives now greatly since 1996. (is changing, has changed, chgnged, changing)

7. The old lady lives , but she never feels . (alone, alone; lonely, lonely; alone, lonely; lonely, alone)

8. Lots of fish since the waste water was poured into the river. (has died, have died, died, have dead)

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9. The man’s story differently in the newspaper. (was written, was writing, wrote, writing)

10. He here for five years and I visited him yesterday. (lived, has lived, will live, is living)

词汇积累： relieve v. 解除，缓解 airsick 晕飞机 terrorist 恐怖分子 marsh 沼泽地 slip 事故

第三十课

1. cut v. 1）切 Cut the apple into two. 2) 穿过 2. row v. 划船 I rowed a boat in the river yesterday.

n. (横向的)排 I sat in the fifth row. 我座在第五排。 3. kick v.踢 He kicked me out of the room with one foot.他一脚把我踢出了房外。

4. towards adv. 朝，向 A dog is running towards me. He is swimming towards the bank of the river. 5. 形容词与副词：形容词修饰名词；副词修饰动词

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slow(adj.) : He is a slow man. / slowly(adv.) : He does his work slowly. 特殊词：good(adj.)---well(adv.) hard---hard (形容词与副词同)—hardly(几乎不)

late----late(同)---lately(最近) near---near(同)---nearly(几乎)

6. sight n. 眼界，视域 in sight 在视线之内 The Yalu River is in sight. = I can see the Yalu River.

out of sight 在视线之外 / catch sight of = see 看见 / near-sight 近视的

注：当‘sight’作名词用时，其前面一定不能加定冠词‘the’. 7. so + adj. / adv. + that 如此……以至于…… I am so stupid that I can’t study English well. 语法知识：冠词：不定冠词：a, an / 定冠词：the 以下情况名词之前必须加定冠词‘the’：

1）特指；2）同一事物反复出现；3）大自然中独一无二的事物：the sun 4) 姓氏前加‘the’,姓后加‘s’,表“一家人”，其谓语动词用复数；

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5）序数词之前、形容词及副词最高级前；6）部分山脉,河流,湖泊之前（有名的）;

7) 部分国名:the People’s Republic of China;8)西洋乐器之前; 9) 专有名词: the United Nation 联合国零冠词情况(名词前不加冠词情况):

1) 泛指 Visitors must sign here. 区别:The visitors from American must sign here.

2) 家庭成员之前: Father will give me a present.

3)英语中表示节日的词‘Day’ 之前: Children’s Day(儿童节)/ National Da国庆节

the Spring Festival 春节注: 不是‘Day’,所以加‘the’ 4) 独一无二的职位,该名词在句中充当补语,表语,同位语:

He was elected President of USA.(补语) / He’s President of USA.( 表语)

Bush,President of USA will visit China. 划线部分作‘bush’的同位语 5) 一日三餐之前have lunch/学科前:study maths /球类运动前: play football

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6) 季节，月份，星期前；7）by+表交通工具的词，前不加: by car,by bus 8）a loaf of/ a kind of/ a piece of / a bar of + 名词：该名词前不加‘the’. 语法练习：

1. are useful animals, I think. (Sheep, Pig, Goose, Horse) 2. That is useful book, I’ve read . (the,a; a,the; an,the; a,it)

3. After watching TV, she played violin for an hour.(/,/; the,the; the,/; /,the)

4. Is English language spoken by largest number of people?

(/, the, the; the, a, /; the, the, the; a, a, the)

5. President is most powerful person in America. (the, the, the; the, the, /; /,the, the; /, the, /) 6. He was Chairman of People’s Republic of Chian.(a,the;the,the;/,the;/,/)

7. Mother’s Day is on the 2nd Sunday of May and Spring Fetival inn’t.

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(/, the; the, /; the, the; /, /)

8. wheather we’re having these days! (What a; How a; How, What) 9.Which is house you live in? one with a round roof.(a,An;a,the;the,The; the,An)

10. a cold morning, I went to shop to do shopping. (In, On, At, For)

第三十一课

单词注释：

1. retire v. 退休（此词无正在进行时态） retired adj. 退休了的

I’ll retire. 我要退休了。/ He is a retired worker. 他是一名退休工人。

2. head n. 头/ head of the class班长/ head of the company 经理/headmaster校长

3. bicycle n.自行车 / tricycle 三轮车 / ride a bicycle 骑自行车

4. save v. 1) 积攒，储蓄 save money 攒钱 I’ve saved a lot of money.

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2) 救，挽救 save one’s life 救命注：危急情况下求救用‘help’ 5. help v. 帮助 He often helps me study/to study English. / helper 助手

help sb.do(to do) sth. 帮助某人做某事 / help sb. with sth./ in 在某方面帮某人

6. employ v. 雇/ employee n. 雇员/ employer n.雇主/ employment 雇佣

I’m out of employment. 我失业了。/ trainer 训练师 / traince 受训者

7. success n. succeed v. 成功 succeed doing sth. 成功做某事 successful adj. 成功 / successfully adv. 成功地 I swum across the Yalu River successfully. = I succeeded in swimming across the Yalu River.

I hope for success =I hope to succeed = I hope to be successful 我渴望成功

hope for sth. / hope to do sth. / hope that 希望……，渴望……

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