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PETS 3

来源：华佗健康网

Unit 1 Greeting and introuduction Dialogues /monologues:

1、You can tell they lived during the Depression.

这里的\"tell\"是断定的意思，咳……常常把它的意思与(告知、告诉)联系在一起，脑子便转不过弯来。此句意思应该是：你可以断定他们生活在那时的大萧条期。 2、He really knows how to bring a person out. \"bring a person out.\"是“鼓励一个人的”的意思。

整句话的意思是：他非常善于鼓励别人/使别人振作起来。 PS：to bring sb. out

意思为：to make someone feel more comfident, happy, and friendly /使某人更加自信、开朗 3、he looks like his fun to be with.

整句话的意思是：他看起来是个很有意思的人。或，和他在一起应该会很有意思。句子解析

4、since we're going to recruit some staff so that we can get our new school going in time。这里的since, 和so that 是基于...原因的意思.根据意思我将其译成: 届时...将...以便... 整句话的意思是：届时我们将聘请一些工作人员以便使我们的新学校及时开学.

5、Would you address character description for the commercial and industrial arts staff? arts staff 怎么翻译?

==>你能够给商业与工艺美术的职员讲讲特征描述吗?

arts跟前面的commercial and indutrial连在一起看，而非与后面的staff: (the commercial and industrial arts) staff.

6、There are a number of other positions to consider.

\"A number of\" 换成 \"a lot of\" 或者是”a great many”行不行，为什么?

==>可以换成a lot of或a great many of,因为position是可数名词。如果这里是不可数名词，则只能用 a number of代替而不能用a great many. 修饰可数/不可数都行：a number of/a lot of, 只能修饰可数：a great many of(与many性质一样)

7、Would you mind letting me take a look in your briefcase? 将\"letting me\"换成 \"let me\" 行不行，为什么?

==>不行，mind是动词，后面不能直接跟动词原形，一般接名词(或动名词),这里的letting是let的动名词形式。

8、I‟m afraid I certainly do mind, if it‟s all the same to you.

“Do mind”与” all the same”什么意思?

==>do mind: 在英语中强调动词，用助动词do(各种时态)+动词原形。

==>all the same: 完全一样，用于强调。如：

Although you didn't complete it in time, I appreciate you all the same. 尽管你没有及时完成，我还是一样很感激你。

9、One day the life free from the harsh decrees of state-sponsored racial repression. (种族压迫) 在这句话中，state-sponsored 翻译成什么意思最好?

==>state-sponsored:国家发起的。用于修饰racial repression(种族压迫),是复合形容词，复合形容词的相结合。

10、The state in which she was born had laws in place waiting to characterize her as unwelcome. 整句话的意思是：在她出生的洲有专门针对象她那一类人并将他们列为不受欢迎人士的法律。 11、Present was the usual mix that had so often accumulated into a burden too heavy for a single-parent household like the one Oprah Winfrey grew up in.

整句话的意思是：目前，这种平常的税收会不断地压迫在单亲家庭的身上,就象Winfrey 这样的例子. 12、One day the life free from the harsh decrees of state-sponsored racial repression. 整句话的意思是：有一天，生活可以从洲政府怂恿的残酷种族压迫中解放。

Passage:

The circumstances surrounding the birth of a female infant in Kosciusko, Mississippi, on Jan.29, 1954,were not promising present was the usual mix that had so often accumulated into a burden too heavy for a single-parent household like the one Oprah Winfrey grew up in. The state in which she was born had laws in place waiting to characterize her as unwelcome, to bar her participation in otherwise acceptable social activities, to shackle her to the residue of slavery and other injustices of the past. The simple truth is that her grandmother, her great-grandmother and all the great-great-grandmothers before them never experienced one day of life free from the harsh decrees of state-sponsored racial repression.

In hindsight, it appears that her birth was an uneventful one. But at age three she was reciting speeches from church pulpits. Upon discovering books, the child delved into the written word, turning out weekly book reports for her father. Even during turbulent times, not a moment was wasted. Seeds were being planted, watered, and nurtured. On April 13, 1964, nearly an adolescent and watching television from the linoleum floor of her mother‟s walk-up flat in something deep inside of her. She was watching the live broadcast of the Academy Awards ceremony and saw a young African-American actor receiving the film industry‟s highest honor. Sharing in that moment and all it implied she later told me, caused her to say softly to herself, “If he can do that, I wonder what I could do?”

The ground had been set. The journey of Oprah Winfrey had begun. The babe, the child, the adolescent, the young woman-all their strengths were harnessed into a force of astonishing power that placed itself in the service of nature and the human family. That the world has changed in meaningful ways since 1954 is beyond question. Oprah and her activities were driving forces in many of those changes. Her enormously influential talk show, her philanthropic work with children in Africa and elsewhere, her popular book club and magazine, her empowering spiritual message, her contribution (by action and example) to improving race relations-all speak to the human family, touching hearts and leaving each one uplifted.

Mississippi too seems to be mellowing out into a more congenial place than it was in 1954. that may also be partly due to the very special energy that is Oprah Winfrey-a courageous, funny, compassionate, well-informed, dazzlingly curious person, as down-to-earth and loving as any human being I‟ve ever known.

参考译文:

故事的详情围绕在1954年六月29日出生于密西西比，科修斯科山的一个女婴。那时，对于像Oprah Winfrey (奥普来.温弗里)这样日常开销负担特别繁重的单亲家庭来说，她的出身并不是那么让人期待。她所在的国家，已经有适当的法律等候着将她列为不受欢迎的对象，阻击她参加其它合理的社交活动，让她背负上了奴隶制度剩余产物的枷锁，还有以往其它一些不公平的待遇。简单的事实就是她的祖母、曾祖母以及更早的一代之前，在政府纵恿的种族镇压法令下，从未经历过一天生命的自由。

之后的迹象表明，她的出生似乎平淡无奇。但是，在她三年的时候，便开始在教堂的讲道坛背诵演说，在发现了书籍的之后，她便钻研上面写过的句子，每周向她的父亲作一次书籍汇报。即使在那个动荡不安的年代，也从不浪费一刻功夫。种子正在播种灌溉。在1964年4月13日，她已成长为一个青少年，在她母亲那间无电梯的公寓的油布地毯上，电视里的一些东西深深地了触动了她。那时她正在看奥斯卡奖项的现场直播，一位年青的美国黑人演员被授予了电影行业中的最高荣誉。在分享那个神圣的时刻之后，她告诉了我所有这一切都在暗暗地促使她轻声地告诉自己“他能做到，难道我就做不到吗?”

道路已经被铺平了，Oprah Winfrey 开始了她的旅程。从婴儿到小孩、到青少年、再到年轻女士——万事俱备，使得她在服务于自然界与人类家庭上迸发出一种惊人的能力。从1954年起，毫无疑问，世界已经以一种积极的方式发生着改变。Oprah和她的脱口秀是其中的很多改变动力。她影响深远的脱口秀、对非洲乃至其它地方的小孩博爱举动、广受欢迎的书籍杂志俱乐部、激动人心的演说辞、以身作则为改善种族关系所作的贡献。这一切都讲给人类家庭，触动了他们的内心，每个人都深受鼓舞。

密西西比也受到了潮流的影响，比1954年看起来适意得多。其中的部分也许同样归功于Oprah Winfrey的非

力量——一个勇敢、有趣、富有同情心、见识广博、闪耀着知识光芒的人，是我所知的人中最脚踏实

地、让人钟爱的一个。

Unit 2 People

Phrases and Sentence:

1、 I don't ever want to have the effect on a person that this person had on me, where I was just blown away by disappointment. It took a few years to get over it. PS：请高手重点解析”ever”的意思。

==>我甚至从未想过要给“给我留下印象的人”留下印象，在这一点上我感到十分失望。我用了许多年才克服这个毛病。 ever,在否定句中起加强语气的作用，not ever从未。

2、One thing I do is work with Make-A-wish. If an ill child‟s one wish to see a celebrity and he picks me, then I make time to see him. But I have to be very careful with these kids, because if you get too attached, you‟re just setting yourself up for loss.

PS：请高手重点解析” because if you get too attached, you‟re just setting yourself up for loss. ”的意思。

==>我做的一件事就是带着许愿做事。如果一个病了的孩子的愿望是想看一个名人并且他选择的是我，然后我抽出时间去看望他。但是我必须非常小心的跟这些孩子相处，因为如果你太依恋，你会感到不舍。

because if you get too attached, you‟re just setting yourself up for loss.因为如果你太依恋，你会感到不舍。其中attch是：使喜爱，使依恋：因情感因素，如爱戴或忠诚使联结。 set oneself up for loss是引起自己处于受损失或失去的状态。

3、Thank you for giving me the inspiration to stick around, at age 50, you have to feel you‟re contributing to something.

PS：请高手重点解析” you have to feel you‟re contributing to something.” ==>谢谢你给我关于等待的启示，在50岁时，你必须感到你正在做贡献。

\"you have to fell you‟re contributing to something\"这句话的意思就是：在50岁时，你必须感到你正在对某些事情做贡献。

4、We stayed at the Ritz-Carlton and just had a blast. Or I‟ll give everybody a ride in the Ultra light-it‟s a flying kite. PS：请高手重点解析“ride”在这里怎么翻译。

==>我们待在Ritz-Carlton并开了个狂欢会。否则我会给每个人乘坐一下“超轻型”---一个飞行的风筝。

ride就是乘坐。

5、“One day I‟ll have my own barbecue.” In other words, every generation gets to improve on the dreams of the last generation.

PS：请高手重点解析这段话的真正含义。

==>“有朝一日，我将拥有自己的烤肉(比喻:实现自己的梦想)。换句话说，每代人必须在他上代人的梦想上有所提高。

6、But it came with a price because when he was drinking, we had jobs and money. When he quit, we traded alcoholism for being dirt-poor.

PS：请高手重点解析“we traded alcoholism for being dirt-poor.”这句话的真正含义。 ==>但是这有一定的代价：因为当他饮酒的时候，我们有工作和工钱。当他戒酒了，我们就只有借酒消愁穷困潦倒了。 we traded alcoholism for being dirt-poor：其中的trade sth. for sth.以...和...交易,以酗酒和穷困潦倒交易。

7、It got so bad that he either quit or got fired.

PS：请高手重点解析“so……that”在此句中的意义。

==>一般so...that是如此...以至于...的意思，这里上下句不是因果关系: 变得糟糕的是，他既没有辞职也没有被解雇。后半句that he either quit or got fired是so bad的补充状语从句，补充说明so bad的细节，不要太拘泥语法结构，更应该注重的是：1.英语语序特征，2.英语国家的人的逻辑思维特征。

8、He was a tool pusher essentially, sold drill bits to oil-drilling companies. PS：翻译这句话。

==>他其实就是一个工具推销者，卖钻头给开采石油的公司。

9、I never think that I „m doing eight-minute cures on television. But I think that 50 percent of the solution to any problem lies in defining it first. I can be an emotional compass that points them down the path. PS：请高手重点解析“cures”与“lies in”的意思，另外 “point……down”是词组吗?

==>我从未想过我在用电视做一个8分钟的治疗。但是我认为任何问题50%的解决方法在于先界定它。我可能是沿着路径指向它们的情感罗盘(指南针)。 cure：名词，治疗。point和后面的down可以认为没有关系，这里不是词组，down这里的意思是“沿着”，相当于along。down the path是介宾结构词组，在句中作points them的补充状语。建议：

不要从语法分析着手来学习英语，因为这样效果很差。最好是提高阅读量，让一切语法变为理所当然的事情，让记忆单词成为阅读时的副产品。

Passage：

If a computer were to design the perfect U.N. Secretary-General, he or she would look something like this: African born; European and American educated, with decades of service in the U.N. system; married to a European; and possessing a quiet charisma and calm authority as chaos arises.

That the U.N. in 1996 found such a person to restore its sense of direction and purpose was a near miracle. But out of the U.N.‟s failures in Bosnia, Somalia and Rwanda came Kopi Annan, the career international civil servant who had participated in these disasters yet somehow survived and learned from them.

Today Annan is in the middle of his second term. His task is not finished, and the U.N. is still far from what it should be. But Annan has tested the limits of the job, accumulating more authority-one cannot use the word power, given the constraints the U.N. system places on him-than any of his predecessors.

His complex relationship with the U.S. government is little understood. When Annan takes positions in public that are displeasing to the bush administration, it unleashes its attack dogs. Yet when administration officials found their policies in Iraq floundering, they asked the U.N. for help. Some observers told Annan that he should responsibility was to the cause of stabilizing Iraq. He began to work toward the decisive date of June 30, when the u.s. will hand over control to Iraqi authorities and an uncertain situation will prevail determined by factors way beyond his, or anyone else‟s, ability to control. But it is Annan‟s destiny to be handed the very worst problems after they have been unsuccessfully addressed by others. Anyone who knows him knows he wades into such problems with his usual blend of courage, self-control, modesty and optimism.

参考译文：

如果让电脑来设计一个完美的联合国秘书长，他/她应该是这样的：出生在非洲;在欧洲和美国接受教育;在联合国工作十年以上;配偶是欧洲人;出现混乱局面时能保持冷静、富有领导魅力的权威人士。

1996年联合国找到了这样一个人来恢复它的方向感和目的性，这简直就是个奇迹。联合国在波斯尼亚、索马里和卢旺达的行动失败后，科菲.安南却脱颖而出。身为国际公务员的他对参与了这一系列的空难性行动，幸存下来，并且从中学到很多东西。

现在，安南的第二任期已过一半。然而，他的任务还没有圆满完成，联合国离其理想状态还很远。但安南已经体验到了他这份工作的局限性——因为联合国体制对他的限制，他不能利用言语力量，然而他却比他的前任们积累了更多的权威性。

他与美国政府的复杂关系鲜为人知，当安南在公众面前的表现不能取悦布什政府的时候，美国就会攻击他。反过来，当美国政府官员发现他们的政策在伊拉克举步维艰的时候，他们却向联合国寻求帮助。有些观察家建议安南不要帮助美国摆脱困境，但是安南明白，自己最大责任是促成定。他开始朝6月30号这个决定性的日子努力，美国将会在这天向伊拉克政府移交政权，这将千万动荡局面。不管是安南还是其他任何人，在伊拉克问题上的成功与否都不会取决于他个人的控制能力。但是，安南注定要处理这些棘手的问题，而这些问题是由别人的失败造成的。所有熟悉安南的人都知道他将带着他一贯的勇气、自我控制能力、谦恭和乐观来介入这一难题。

Unit 3 House and Family

Phrases and Sentence:

1、 She soon called my attention to the fact that she couldn‟t work full time and keep house, too. call attention to(唤起注意) keep house(当家)

2、 I guess I just took it for granted that a wife was supposed to take care of her kids and husband. take it for granted：(视为当然) be supposed to：(应该、被期望) 3、 You‟ve got to get to know them. have got to do：(必须做……) get to：(在这里作“开始”的意思)

4、 But maybe I‟d better take that back and give her a hand. take bake：(在这里作“取消”的意思) give Sb. A hand(抽出空或腾出手帮助某人) 5、 They put me in mood for Italian food. put in mind：(使记起、提醒)

6、 I‟ve put aside some money that I earned by doing some extra mechanical work. put aside：(储存、备用)

7、 I was putting a machine together today. put together：(把……加起来、装配)

8、 I am putting forth a lot of effect to make this tablecloth. put forth：(生出、作出)

9、 Do you want me to put my needlework away? put away：(在这里作“放弃、处理掉”的意思) 请注意上面5个以“put”打头的短语与词组的用法 10、I was going by the store near your house .. go by：(顺便走访)

11、Your black purse and shoes go nicely with that dress. go with：(伴随、与……相配)

12、He always goes beyond my expectations. go beyond：(超出)

13、The kids can‟t go along with you. go along with：(一起去、附和)

14、Your offer goes to prove that you‟re a wonderful mother-in-law. offer：(在这里作为“提意”的意思)

go to：(愿意为定位、转到的意思，在这里引申为?)

15、You know I get sick every single time the temperature goes below 68°. go below：(下降)

请注意上面5个以“go”打头的短语与词组的用法 16、I could really go for a good comedy. go for：(在这里作为“主张”的意思) 17、we can barely make ends meet. ends meet：指收支平衡

18、Every thing I say goes in one ear and out the other.

goes in one ear and out the other.：(一个耳朵进，一个耳朵出。指听不进去的意思) 19、I‟ve been keeping track of all of our phone bills. keep track of：(明了、一目了然的意思)

20、I‟ll have to call them and have them straighten it out. straighten out：(改正、更正)

Passage:

On the day the World Trade Center fell, the Empire state Building once again became the tallest building in New York City. In the months that followed, six of its commercial tenants ran off. They did not want to be in the tallest anything, anywhere, anymore. At a time when U.S. Vice president Dick Cheney was still being shuttled around to undisclosed locations, skyscrapers suddenly seemed like the most disclosed locations. For a while, it looked as though the tall building, at least in the U.S., might be one more casualty of war.

Three years later, despite fears of terrorist attacks, big is beautiful again. On July 4, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg presided at the rise at the World Trade Center site. New skyscraper projects are under way once more elsewhere in the city and around the U.S. Meanwhile, outside the states, where the taste for tall buildings never really faded, the skyscraper has also been

poking its head up in very different ways, and not just for reasons having to do with security. Since the 1990s, tall buildings have been reshaped by a number of global architecture stars whose vision is finally beginning to penetrate the more conservation American market.

Some of the best examples of that rethinking now fill two large galleries of the Museum of Modern Art‟s temporary outpost in Queens, New York. Using 25 spectacular architectural models (some of more than 4 m high), “Tall buildings”, a show that runs at MOMA through Sept.27, looks at the ways in which the skyscraper has evolved since the early 1990s, at least in the hands of its most gifted practitioners, the kind who are proposing-and even producing, but usually in other nations-buildings that don‟t resemble the dull boxes that crowd most American downtowns.

Engineering is, among others, a path to new kinds of beauty. Just look at Renzo piano‟s London Bridge Tower, a slender glass pyramid that forms a glittering stalagmite against the old city‟s skyline. You get a grasp of what ingenious engineering is all about from the London Headquarters of the insurance firm Swiss Re, designed by Norman Foster. Even before it opened in April, it was known as the small cucumber because it rises against the sky like a green pickle. But the building‟s single feature is the inclusion of larger interior gardens throughout. But

there‟s a dematerializing spirit even in a building that didn‟t requiring new fears of engineering-the Arcos Bosques Corporativo in Mexico City, an arched tower with a vertical slot down its center that lightens the building‟s mass brings the sky itself into play.

“Not only did American invent skyscraper”, says the Spanish designer Santiago Calatrava, “it invented the skyline.” But American skylines have got a little dull. With some work, the world‟s architects might bring them back to a very tall standard.

参考译文:

世贸大厦倒榻的那一天，帝国大厦又一次成为纽约最高的建筑。在接下来的几个月，六家帝国大厦的商务住户搬走了，他们再也不想住在最高的楼里了，无论在什么地方。曾经有一度，当美国副总统迪克.切尼仍旧被不停地周转护送到各个隐蔽地点时，摩天大楼似乎突然间成了最暴露的地点。一时间，高楼大厦似乎成了战争的又一种牺牲品，至少美国是这样。

三年之后，人们依旧害怕恐怖袭击，但是高楼大厦再次成了美的化身。7月4号，纽约州州长乔治.帕塔奇和纽约市市长米歇尔.布鲁伯格主持了自由大厦的破土仪式，这座写字楼将建在世贸大厦原址上。在纽约的其他地方，甚至全美国，新摩天大楼的建设工程又开始火热地进行。同时，在摩天热从末褪去的其他国家，摩天大楼以截然不同的形态拔地而起，而这不仅仅是因为安全问题。从九十年代初期开始，高楼大厦的形态就被一些世界设计大师重塑了，这些设计大师的远见最终打入了较为保守的美国市场。}

那些新设计中的一些杰作现在正占据着位于纽约皇后区的现代艺术博物馆的两个临时展区。9月27号，现代博物艺术馆会举行一次名为“摩天大楼”的建筑模型(有些有四米多高)，以此来向人们展示九十年代初以来摩天大楼是如何发展的。至少在那些最有天赋的设计者手里设计出来或者是建造出来的建筑物，这些通常出现在别的国家，不再像一堆呆头呆脑的盒子簇拥在美国各城市的中心。

在众多领域里，工程建设是通向另类美丽的一种途径。看看雷佐.皮耶罗设计的伦敦塔，细长的玻璃金字塔组成一个闪耀的石笋直指伦敦上空，在空中形成美丽的轮廓。从瑞士在保险公司的伦敦总部大楼我们就能看出工程建设是多么的巧妙，那栋楼是由罗曼.弗斯特设计的。甚至在四月份对外之前，这座楼就被人们称为小黄瓜，因为它直耸入云，在天空的映衬下看上去就像一根绿黄瓜。但是这栋楼最显著的特点却是遍布室内各处的室内大花园。即使在不

的建筑物里也存在着非物质精神——墨西哥城的阿克斯.波斯克期公司大楼是一座拱行的楼，在这座

楼的中间有一条狭槽从上通向底部，这座狭槽把光带到了楼里的大部分地方并且使楼里的人能看见天空。

“美国发明的不光是摩天大楼”西班牙设计师圣地亚哥.卡拉托弗说，“它发明的还有摩天大楼的空中轮廓。”但是美国的空中轮廓显得有些单调。一段时间的努力之后，世界建筑大师们或许会使其重返“高”标准。

Unit 4 Environment Phrases and Sentences:

1、He is famous for vigorously opposing the use of chemicals to kill pets. PS:解析vigorously opposing 并翻译这句话。 ==>vigorously opposing积极反对

全句翻译：他因为积极反对用化学品杀宠物而出名。

2、What would you recommend for a tenth-grader?

PS:解析tenth-grader到底是十年级的学生，还是十岁的小孩?

==>tenth-grade是“十年级”，所以tenth-grader当然是“十年纪的学生”了。十岁的小孩是：teenager

3、They used Singapore as a microcosm for examining a regionwide tropical biodiversity crisis, and compiled population data from the past two centuries. PS:翻译这句话。

==>他们用新加坡作为检查热带地区的区域性的生活差异危机一个缩影，并用过去两个世纪(的历史)来编纂人口数据。其中biodiversity是由前缀bio-和diversity组合而成的，意思是生命的差异性。

4、Animals that call the forest home have suffered enormously. PS:翻译这句话，重点解析\"call\"在这句话的意思。 ==>call称为，当作。

全句翻译：以森林为家的动物们受到了巨大的灾难。

5、American and Europe will pool research into hydrogen-powered fuel cells. PS:翻译这句话，重点解析\"pool\"在这句话的意思。

==>pool集中投入，pool的名词意思是“池塘”，动词本义是“汇合成塘”的意思，这里用的是比喻义，想象一下不难理解的。全句翻译：

美国和欧洲将集中注资到氢燃料电池的研究中。

6、It shows the United States is out to make peace with eco-friendly Europe. PS:翻译这句话

==>这表明美国将尽力与生态环境好的欧洲和平相处。 out这里是副词，表示“致力于”。

7、Fuel cells create electricity by combining oxygen and hydrogen without producing harmful emissions, and technical construction poses few basic challenges. PS:翻译这句话，重点解析\"call\"在这句话的意思。

==>燃料电池通过氧气和氢气反应来发电而不发出有害物质，并且在技术的组建上提出了很少的挑战。这里没有call,只有cell,是电池的意思，名词。pose challenge提出挑战，就是指技术上的难关。

8、But opinion is sharply divided over how to obtain hydrogen without wasting more natural resources.

PS:翻译这句话，重点解析\"over\"在这句话的意思。

==>但是在如何不浪费更多自然资源的情况下获得氢气这个问题上，意见出现了分歧。

其中的over相当于on,就是“关于”的意思。

9、That means making use of renewable resources for the task, say wind and solar resources. PS:翻译这句话，重点解析\"say\"在这句话的意思。

==>那意味着该任务是要利用可再生资源，比如风能和太阳能。其中的say是副词，比如，相当于for example. 10、Whitman assured the public that the air was safe before testing was conclusive. In addition, all EPA statements were required to be screened by the White House. PS:翻译这句话

==>惠特曼向公众保证在测试下结论之前空气是安全的。而且，所有的EPA(美国环保署)申明都要求经过白宫的筛选。 screen：动词，筛选/过滤。

11、But New York Sen.(senator,参议员。)Hillary Clinton is calling for an investigation, saying somebody surely leaned on the EPA to lie, which Whitman strongly denies. PS:翻译这句话

==>但是纽约的科学家希拉里.克林顿要求调查此事，说某些人明显的偏向于EPA(美国环保署)而说谎，对于这个，惠特曼坚决否认。

call for:相当于demand,require， lean on:偏向于。 Passage:

When it comes to air pollution, the simple life isn‟t necessarily the safest. The most poisonous atmosphere in Asia is found not in rapidly modernizing cities like New Delhi or Beijing but inside the kitchens of homes in rural Asia. Millions of families in the countryside heat their abodes and cook with open fires using cheap fuels that belch carbon monoxide and other noxious fumes at level up to 500 times international safety limits. Rural women and children often spend hours each day in poorly, ventilated kitchens, breathing this putrid air. “This is a problem that has been around forever, as long as humankind has existed, but it‟s been ignored,” says Eva Rehfuess, a World Health Organization expert on indoor air pollution. “If you walked into these kitchens, your eyes would start tearing and you would find it difficult to breathe. It‟s terrible. ”

The WHO estimates that indoor air pollution cause 1.6 million deaths per year in developing countries around the world, up to 555,000 of which occur in India alone-and overwhelmingly it‟s the poor who are dying. Villagers have no choice but to use wood, coal or dung fires, raising the risk that young children will be killed by carbon-monoxide poisoning or a bad case of pneumonia ravaging weakened lungs. Likewise, the women who typically keep their home fires burning are vulnerable to chronic respiratory diseases. “Day in and day out for 50 years, some of these women might be cooking six hours a day, exposed to pollutions,” says Rehfuess.

Curtailing indoor air pollution can be as simple as replacing open wood fires with better-ventilated cookstoves, but more sophisticated stoves can cost up to $120. China and India, home to the world‟s largest rural populations, have launched ambitious national programs in recent decades to supply villagers with safer stoves at subsidized prices. But the programs have not always worked, in India, for example, some 33 million stoves were given out free to villagers in rural areas from 1984 to 2000—but because of a lack of health education or follow-up maintenance, most families abandoned the cookstoves for their old fires within a few years.

That‟s left nongovernmental organizations like the shell Foundation to step into the gap. It has begun a pilot

program with local Indian NGOs in a pair of rural states to develop and market clean, wood-burning stoves that cost just $5-$10 yet can reduce emissions by up to 40%. The project is on track to sell 1000,000 stoves by the end of 2005, and the groups plan to expand the program nationally in the future. Program manager Karen Westley says Shell and its partner NGOs made an effort to sell their customers not just more efficient tools but also the idea that different is better. “You have to make sure people actually want that damn thing,” says Westely. “They need to make the connection between having a better stove, breathing less smoke and experiencing better health in the end.”

But habits ingrained by tradition can be hard to break. “They‟ve been living with this always, and so have their mothers and grandmothers,” says Rehfuess. “You have to give people the felling they can do something about it.” And that they‟ll breathe a lot easier for their trouble.

说到空气污染，并不是说简单的日常生活就必然是最安全的。研究显示，在亚洲，毒气最浓的空气并不在新德里和北京这样的现代化速度很快的城市，而是在亚洲农村家庭的厨房里。在农村，上百万的家庭用明火取暖或是做饭，他们使用的是廉价的燃料，这些燃料所释放的一氧化碳量和其他有毒烟雾量是国际标准的500倍。农村地区的妇女和孩子经常每天在通风不好的厨房里待上几个小时，呼吸这种有毒的空气。“这个问题从人类诞生以来就一直存在着，但是却一直被忽视了，”一位名叫伊娃.瑞弗丝的世界卫生组织室内空气污染方面的专家说道，“走进厨房你的眼睛就开始流泪，而且你会觉得呼吸困难，这太可怕了。”

世界卫生组织估计，在发展中国家，室内空气污染造成每年160万人死亡，其中印度占55万——而且死亡的大部分都是穷人。村民们除了用木头，煤或者是粪肥来烧火之外别无选择，这样会增加小孩子一氧化碳中毒死亡的危险，肺功能减弱，肺炎得病率增加。同样，那些在家里生火的妇女很容易得慢性呼吸道疾病。瑞弗丝说“有些妇女一天要花6小时做饭，五十年里日复一日，每天都生活在污染中。”

减少室内空气污染其实非常简单，只要用一套通风比较好的厨灶来代替木头生火就可以了，但是比较高级的厨灶要花120美元。中国和印度是世界上两个农村地区人口最多的国家，在最近几十年里启动了全国范围的救助项目，以补贴价格供给农村居民安全性能最好的厨灶。但是，这个项目并不是一直起作用。例如，印度政府在1984-2000年间免费发放了三百三十万套厨灶给农村地区农民，但是由于缺少健康知识教育和相关维护，多数家庭几年之后就又回到他们原来的取火方式了。

这使得一些像谢尔基金会这样的非政府组织参与进来。该组织与印度当地非政府组织在一些乡村地区开始小规模实验项目，开发和推广干净的、燃烧木头的厨灶，并使之市场化。这样厨灶可以减少40%的氧化排需要5-10美元。这个项目计划到2005年底出售15套厨灶，该组织准备今后在全国范围内推广这个项目。该项目的经理凯温.威斯特里说谢尔和它的非政府组织合作伙伴努力销售给顾客的不光是一种最高效的工具，而且还有一种理念，那就是：有所改变会更好。威斯特里说：“你必须要确定人们确实想要那东西与他们最终需要有一套好的厨灶，少呼吸烟雾和体验到健康的身体这三者之间建立一种联系。”

但是根深蒂固的传统习惯很难改变。瑞弗丝说：“他们一直是这样生活的，包括他们的母亲和祖母也是这样生活的，你需要给他们一种感觉，那就是他们可以对此做些改变。”这样人们会对自己的麻烦事感到轻松许多。

Unit 5 Weather and Climate

Dialogues/monologues:

I am passionate about English, and the challenge of expressing English fluently and swimmingly with

foreigners was the principal motivation.

1、……having been brought up in the countryside.

2、Those mighty winds pulled in a band of cloud and some patchy rain through the small hours, and into the first part of the morning.

我的翻译是：那些强劲的大风卷起一层云彩，还有些零星的小雨下了好一会，一直持续到清晨。不知道准确否?请高手赐教。

3、clearer skies and much light winds allowed temperatures to drop well into single figures resulting in a touch of grand frost in some rural areas.

清凉的天空和微风让温度值降到了个位数,使得很多乡村地区出现了霜.

4、The early sunshine giving away to a bit more clouds. give away：让步。太阳被一小片云层遮住了。

5、There was something of a drier interlude before an active weather system moved in from the west.

6、Some of the more exposed locations saw sustained winds of 40mph with gusts of 58mph.

Passage:

The Greenhouse effect and Global warming

The heart-trapping capacity of the atmosphere is popularly known as the “greenhouse effect”. Despite public controversy surrounding global warming, the natural greenhouse effect has been long established as fact in the scientific community.

Indeed, carbon dioxide, and other gases, the earth‟s natural climate would be about 33℃ cooler than it is. Life would have evolved quite differently in such a climate.

Most scientists believe that the rapid expansion of agriculture and industrial activities over the last several hundred years have generated significant increases in carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere. However, experts

disagree about whether such changers have caused the increase of approximately 0.5℃ in the earth‟s surface temperature that has been documented over the past century. Many scientists cite the fact that 1997 was the warmest year on record, following a decade in which 9 of the 11 hottest years of this century were reported, as strong, but circumstantial, evidence that human activities have altered the earth‟s climate. Other experts, however, believe this temperature trend is a natural variation.

Also disputed is whether projected world population growth to more than 10 billion people by the year 2100 will result in a doubling or tripling of atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide. If such a buildup occurs, as many scientists predict, global surface temperatures could increase by anywhere from about one Celsius degree to about 4 Celsius degrees during the next century. The higher half of range involves temperature changes outside of those experienced by human civilizations since the end of the last ice age some 10,000 years ago. During the last ice age, average global temperatures were only about 5 Celsius degrees cooler than the present period.

A temperature increase of several degrees Celsius could result in a sea level rise ranging from about 10 cm to about 1 m. A sea level rise of about 0.5 m would be noticeable primarily in the most vulnerable, low-lying islands and coastal areas. Larger sea level rises would result in extensive flooding of lowland beaches, wetlands, and coastal settlements. Moreover, a higher sea level base would increases the risk of catastrophic storm surges in coastal areas, since flooding would likely extend island well beyond historic levels.

Warmer temperature could also intensify droughts in some regions, destabilize ecosystems, and cause the decline or extinction of some species. Since carbon dioxide enhances photosynthesis, some scientists have calculated that higher concentrations in the atmosphere would increase the productivity of crops and forests. But others have point out that carbon dioxide increase and a warming climate could encourage the spread of destructive pests, including weeds and disease-carrying insects.

参考译文：

大气储存热量的能力被普遍看作是“温室效应”。尽管公众对于全球气候变暖这一问题存在争议，但是在科学界，自然的温室效应问题很久前就被看作是事实了。确实，如果不是因为云层、水蒸气、二氧化碳以及其他气体对热量的储存，地球的自然温度应该比现在低33度，生命在那种气候条件下的进化将会大不一样。

大多数科学家相信，在过去几百年里农业和工业的迅速发展使得大气中二氧化碳和甲烷的含量迅速增加。然而，对于这些改变是否是造成地球表面温度比上个世纪增加了大约0.5摄氏度的原因，专家们持不同意见。许多科学家引述了这样一个事实：1997年是有气象记录以来最热的一年，之前的十年里有九年排在本世纪温度最高的前11名里，这充分且有力地证明了人类活动已经改变了地球的气候。但是另外一些科学家却认为这种温度变化趁势是自然变化。

另一个争议是关于世界计划人口到2100年突破100亿是否会使大气中二氧化碳含量增加一倍到两倍?许多科学家预测说如果发生的话，下个世纪世界各地的气温都将升高，升高程度从一度到四度不等。这个温度变化范围中最大的部分比从上个冰河时代末期到现在的10000年间人类经历的温度变化还要大。在上一个冰河时期，全球平均气温只比现在低5摄氏度。

温度升高几度会造成海平面升高10厘米到1米不等。海平面上升0.5米对于处在低地的岛屿和沿海地区来说就相当危险了。海平面再升高一些就会给低地的海滩、湿地、和沿海居民带来特大洪灾。而且，海平面升高就会增加沿海地区发生灾难性暴风雨的可能性，因为洪水可能会以前所末有的强度登陆。

温度升高还会加干旱，破坏生态平衡，造成一些物种数量的减少甚至灭绝。由于二氧化碳能促进光合作用，所以一些科学家估计大气中二氧化碳含量的增加会提高庄稼的产量并且促进森林生长。但是另外一些科学家则指出二氧化碳的增加和气候变暖会使得具有破坏性的害虫、杂草以及携带疾病的昆虫大规模扩散。

Dialogues /monologues:

1、 Cooking at table side has always been part of traditional haute cuisine, or art of cooking. art of cooking:烹饪术，例：art of defense: 武术。 2、 I‟m a very cook.

这里应该翻译为：我是一个绝对的厨师。

3、 Stir the mixture until it leaves sides of the bowl.

直译：与碗边脱离，即不沾碗边。引申义：就是要求充分搅匀. 4、 Roll the crust mixture into a round shape. roll into: 卷成, 使合为一体。将外面的蛋糕皮混合物卷成一团。 5、 Yes, the apple pie is ready to serve. be ready to: 预备, 即将

是的，苹果派可以预备供应/享用了。

Passage:

What should be more French than an outdoor market on a sunny Sunday morning? The air is filled with vital fragrances from the fruits and vegetables piled high in the greengrocers‟ creative layouts. A trace of the Atlantic blows off the shellfish on the fishmonger‟s bed of ice.

This, you think, is the very essence of France, until read those little signs that tell you the tomatoes (which are really pretty tasteless) come from Moroccan hothouses, the grapes from South Africa, and the kiwis from Chile. For generations, the French have prided themselves on their distinctiveness. Nothing has stood for France‟s sense of exceptionalism more famously than its cooking. Gallic talent, taste and techniques have been exported all over the world. And therein lies part of the problem. From the Thames to Tokyo, non-French cooks have cracked the codes of the best French cuisine. Meanwhile, what was mediocre elsewhere has been imported. (Believe it or not, one restaurant associate with a famous Paris chef serves steak with a sauce that‟s indistinguishable from the stuff on a Big Mac.) The result: many tourists—as well as the French themselves—no longer see what‟s so special about French cooking.

The decline goes well beyond recent surveys that show growing complaints about mediocre quality and high prices. More and more restaurants-owners say that government tax and economic policies are limiting their profits, and thereby hurting their capacity to invest and hire more staff. They have got stuck in the red tape for which France is

infamous—not to mention regulations from Brussels that affect everything from sales taxes to the bacteria in the Brie cheese. Many warn that expanding the European Union to the east will hurt small French farmers, who remain the backbone of traditional cuisine—and, hence French identity: Unfortunately for the French, there are few reassuring answers to these questions.

France‟s problem isn‟t the lack of creativity, but rather an unfavorable political environment for creativity. If you‟re choked by bureaucracy and taxes, as so much of France is, “there is not much you can do,” says Raymond Blanc, born in the Jura region of France and chef of the two-star hotel-restaurant Manoir aux Quat‟saisons. “I can open a business in England in five days. In France it would take three months.” The manoir aux Quat‟saisons, by the way, is in Oxford, Britain, France‟s ancient rival. And, when it comes to cooking, a future one as well.

参考译文:

还有什么比晴朗的周日上午的露天市场更具法国风情呢?空气中满是水果和蔬菜的香味，这些水果和蔬菜被商贩们摆放得极具创意。鱼贩子们冰床上的新产品还带着大西洋的痕迹。

你可能会认为这就是法国的精髓所在，直到你看到那些小标签上标明西红柿(真的很难吃)是摩洛哥的温室里培养出来的，葡萄是从南非出产的，而猕猴桃的产地则是智利。

对于几代法国人来说，他们都为自己的独特而感到骄傲。没有什么比烹饪更能代表法国的优越性。法国人的烹饪天赋、品味以及技术已经遍及世界各地，但是却存在着问题。从泰晤士到东京，非法国本土厨师已经破解出了最高水平法式烹饪的秘诀。与此同时，其他地方平庸的烹饪技艺被引入法国。(信不信由你，一家号称有巴黎名厨的餐馆做牛排用的酱料与做巨无霸所用的酱料别无两样。)其结果是：许多游客——连同法国人自己——根本就看不出法国烹饪到底有什么特别。

这种衰落与最近一项调查吻合。这项调查显示人们对法式烹饪的平庸及高价的抱怨在不断增加。越来越多的餐馆老板声称政府的税收和经济政策使他们的利润减少，因而削弱了他们进一步投资或者雇用更多员工的能力。他们陷入繁文缛节使得法国声名狼籍——更不用提布鲁塞尔的那些条条框框，从销售税到布里干酪里的细菌含量，这些条条框框的影响远处不在。许多人警告说，欧盟东扩会损害法国小农场主的利益，而这些人是法国传统烹饪的支柱——因此出现了法国的身份问题。让法国人感到不幸的是，对于这些问题，至今没有找到让人放心的解决办法。

法国的问题并不在于缺少创造性，而是政治环境不利于创造性的发展。如果官僚作风和税收压得你透不过气来，就像法国一样，“你根本就没办法有所作为。”瑞蒙德.布朗说道，他出生在法国的钕拉地区，现在庄园的二星级宾馆的主厨。“在英国，我能在五天之内开店，而在法国则要花上三个月时间。”顺便说一句，四季庄园开在英国的牛津，法国的老对手那里。在烹饪方面，英国在未来仍将是法国的竞争对手。

Dialogues /monologues:

1、 I‟m in a hurry.

我得赶紧。 “in a hurry”指匆忙，有时用作口语也表示轻易地做好某件事情。

2、 These days the most sought-after tables are hidden away, several floors above ground, in the city‟s high-rise apartments, which are run by chefs out of their own homes or from rented spaces..

这句话的意思我翻译为：目前，很多广受欢迎的餐馆总是藏匿在公寓大厦地面上方的楼层，就在厨师们自家门口或是租的空地外面营业。

3、 Merely requesting a reservation can be as difficult as getting one. 哪怕是仅仅要求预定(房间)都有可能象真要得到它一样那么难。

4、 Exclusively is the main attraction for customers in a city that is still obsessed with status.

独有性(专用权)是吸引城市消费者的主要因素，因为人们还是会被身份地位(带来的虚荣感)所迷惑的。 5、 I can‟t make up my mind about what to have for dessert. make up one‟s mind：下决心、作决定。

本句的意思是：餐后吃什么甜点，我还没能做出决定。

Passage:

The ladies were puzzled. Cheryl Spangler, Valeria Borunda Jameson and Susan Puckett, three

university-admissions workers on a training visit to Florence, Kentucky, had walked into a local barbecue joint called Chung Kiwha. But instead of sauce-covered mutton served up from the kitchen, they saw a buffet of uncooked meats and vegetables. Instead of knives and forks, they were given large scissors, chopsticks and metal tongs. No candle flickered at their table, but a bucket of fiery wood charcoal hissed in the tabletop grill pit. Chung Kiwha served barbecue, all right—cook-it-your-self Korean barbecue. “I didn‟t realize there were restaurants like this,” marveled Spangler to her friends, who hail from Knoxville, Tennessee, and I worked in restaurants for 20 years.

The secret is out, thanks to the growing popularity of restaurants where the customer is the chef. Long a staple of immigrant communities in big cities, restaurants where diners chop, grill, boil, or dip their dip their food are hot in the American heartland. St.Paul, Minnesota, has Thai hot-pot cooking. Indianapolis, Indiana, has Japanese shabu-shabu (another type of hot pot). A pizzeria in Las Vegas lets customers roll the dough.

Why would people bother going out to cook their own meal? “Americans want control,” says Hudson Riehle, senior vice president of research for the National Restaurant Association. “The cook-it-your-self experience embodies the American values of freedom of choice and independence.” With families spending 46% of their food budget on meals outside the home, they miss the cooking experience—sort of. “Psychologically, people want to be a little involved,” says Pamela Parseghian, executive food editor at Nation‟s Restaurant News.

Not every diner, however, embraces the experience. Dragged in by enthusiastic wives, “men often sit with their arms crossed…that is, until we fill them up with good wine,” says Will Layfield, owner of the Melting Pot in Westwood, New Jersey. At the Vinoklet, diner Grey Schafer says, “I don‟t cook at home, and if I‟m going to pay good money, I want someone to do the cooking for me.” What‟s more, do-it-your-self dining isn‟t cheap. At the Minturn Country Club in Minturn, Colorado, Kobe beef costs $49.95—uncooked. Still, restaurant-owners insist that the customer knows best. “Who knows what to them is rare?” says Mikulic, owner of Vinoklet. “This way, if they screw it up, I get no complaints.” Back at Chung Kiwha in Florence, diner Puckett sees it this way: “We don‟t have to clean up, do we?.”

参考译文:

这些女士有些迷惑不解。谢丽尔.斯潘格勒，维丽瑞尔.波兰达.达姆森，和苏珊.帕克特是大学招生工作人员。在肯塔基州的弗罗伦斯培训时，她们走进了当地一家叫做强.吉瓦的烧烤酒吧去吃饭。然而，他们看到的并不是从厨房端出来抹好了酱的羊肉，而是生肉和蔬菜。服务员给她们端上来的餐具也不是刀和叉，而是剪子、筷子和钳子。餐桌上没有闪烁的烛光，有的只是一桶在烧烤架上嘶嘶作响的燃烧着的木炭。强.吉瓦经营的是烤肉——韩式自助烤肉。“我在餐馆里工作了20年，从来不知道还有这样的餐馆。”，来自田纳西州洛克思尔的斯潘格勒好奇地对她的朋友说道。由于就餐的客人就是厨师的餐馆数量在不断增加，秘密也就随之而被公开了。在美国中部大城市的主要移民聚集区，一些由顾客自己切、烤、煮、泡食物的餐厅非常火。明尼苏达州的圣.保罗有泰式火锅，印第安纳的印第安纳波利斯

有日式涮锅(另外一种火锅)。拉斯维加斯的一家比萨店让顾客自己动手和面团。

为什么人们不怕麻烦在饭店里自己动手做饭呢?国家酒店协会一个研究项目部的副主任哈德逊.瑞艾尔说，“美国人有很强的控制欲，这种自己动手做饭的体验表现了美国自主选择和独立的价值观。”对于那些把46%的饮食开销都用于在外面吃饭的家庭来说，他们有点怀念自己动手做饭的体验。“从心理学角度来说，人们想要参与进来。”帕米拉.帕斯伊恩这样说，他是《国家酒店新闻报》食品专栏的主编。

然而，并不是每个去饭店吃饭的人都渴望有这种体验。男人们被充满热情的妻子拉进饭店。“他们常常是双臂交叉地坐在那儿…也就是说，直到我们用好酒填满他们的肚子。”新泽西州威斯伍德一家叫做坩埚店的餐馆老板威尔.雷菲尔德说到。在维诺克利特餐厅，一名叫格瑞德.斯凯夫的就餐者说，“我在家从不做饭。如果在外面吃饭要花好多钱的话，我就希望别人来为我做。”此外，在自助餐厅吃饭并不便宜。在科罗拉多州明特恩乡村俱乐部，一份生的神户牛排要49.95美元。餐馆的老板仍然坚持说顾客清楚自己想要什么。“谁知道对他们来说，什么样才是适合他们的?”维诺克利特的老析米库利科说道，“这样，如果他们兴致很高，我也不落抱怨。”我们再回头说说弗罗伦斯的强.吉瓦吧，在那儿就餐的帕克特这样看问题：“最起码我们不需要收拾碗筷，不是吗?”

Passage:

That‟s left nongovernmental organizations like the shell Foundation to step into the gap. It has begun a pilot program with local Indian NGOs in a pair of rural states to develop and market clean, wood-burning stoves that cost just $5-$10 yet can reduce emissions by up to 40%. The project is on track to sell 1000,000 stoves by the end of 2005, and the groups plan to expand the program nationally in the future. Program manager Karen Westley says Shell and its partner NGOs made an effort to sell their customers not just more efficient tools but also the idea that different is better. “You have to make sure people actually want that damn thing,” says Westely. “They need to make the connection between having a better stove, breathing less smoke and experiencing better health in the end.”

参考译文:

这使得一些像谢尔基金会这样的非政府组织参与进来。该组织与印度当地非政府组织在一些乡村地区开始小规模实验项目，开发和推广干净的、燃烧木头的厨灶，并使之市场化。这样厨灶可以减少40%的氧化排放量，并且只需要5-10美元。这个项目计划到2005年底出售15套厨灶，该组织准备今后在全国范围内推广这个项目。该项目的经理凯温.威斯特里说谢尔和它的非政府组织合作伙伴努力销售给顾客的不光是一种最高效的工具，而且还有一种理念，那就是：有所改变会更好。威斯特里说：“你必须要确定人们确实想要那东西与他们最终需要的套好的厨灶，少呼吸烟雾和体验到健康的身体这三者之间建立一种联系。”

Unit 8 At Home

Dialogues /monologues:

1、 Karen has just had her house redecorated. 凯瑞刚让人把房子重新装修。

注意这里的用法，had sth done — 强调的是让别人做了什么例：I had my clothes washed.(我让人把衣服洗了)

2、 The architect and Tom put there heads together to discuss what we wanted and what was possible. put heads together：共同商量、集思广益。

建筑师和提姆共同商讨以可行的方式来满足我们的需求。

3、 After a few meetings, they came up with some super idea that everybody agreed with. come up with：提出、拿出。

经过一会儿的交谈，他们拿出了一些大家都同意的好点子。

4、 But the rest of it was surprisingly expensive. the rest：其余者。It：代指装修所用的材料。但是其余的材料简直便宜得让人吃惊。

5、 We were able to make do with the materials we already have. make do with：设法应付。

我们设法将我们已经拥有的材料都用上了。

6、 I made up some of the curtains and pillows on the couch form mere sheets. make up ：在这里指做缝制.编织.

我缝制了一些窗帘和睡椅靠垫，仅仅是用一些床单做的.

7、 It‟s funny how people can find solution after they kick something around for a while. kick something around：直译——将什么东西踢来踢去。引申意——讨论。人们怎样通过暂时的讨论之后，就能找到解决方法是件有趣的事情。

8、 You‟re on your own. on one's own：独立地、独自地。本句的意思为：你自己玩吧!

9、 I‟d like to concentrate on getting the best score ever on this game. concentrate on：精中(精力)、全神贯注于我将集中精力在这个游戏上取得最好的分数。注意even在这里的用法——

10、No matter how busy you are, always take time out to check that your child hasn't gotten hold of something that could hurt him.

take time out to：暂停下来。Get hold of：抓住、得到。

11、But quit my job and took up housekeeping the year after my marriage. Daily household chores keep

me on my toes; I‟m delighted all day long.

take up：开始从事。 on one‟s toe ：准备行动。 all day long：一整天。

keep me on my toes：让我保持活力的状态，结合句意就：一刻也闲不着，乐此不疲。我的翻译是：但是自从我结婚以后，便放弃了工作，开始打理家务。每天的家务琐事让我乐此不疲。我一整天都眉天眼笑的。

12、“in a moment”与 “or so”

一个表示“立刻”，一个表示“大约”。都是形容时间的。

13、That's the “tremendous business” for me out of the three meals a day, for, except for the weekends, we have only this meal together. Besides, he always has his lunch in a neglected way at his workplace.

这句话我的翻译是：那对于我来说，是除了三顿饭以外，最为重大的事情。因为，除了周末，我们只能在一起吃一顿正餐。此外，他总是在他的工作场所，很轻率的打发他的午餐。

Passage:

Mrs. Chambers sits comfortably in her armchair, enjoying a cup of coffee. She has the right to relax. She has had a long and very busy life.

Mrs. Chambers has retired now to a small house in Bangor, a popular seaside town not far from Belfast. But for most of her life she lived in the country. Her husband‟s farm was on an island in the middle of Strangford Lake. There, Mrs. Chambers baked bread twice a week, made jam every summer, and put her husband‟s dinner on the table at twelve 0‟clock exactly every day. The island farm had been owned by the Chambers family for may years, passing on from father to son. It was a quiet and beautiful place to live. They grew potatoes and vegetables, and kept hens and cows. When Mr. Chambers died, his son took on the farm, Mrs. Chambers moved away.

She takes another sip of coffee, and smiles as she remembers people from the past. “The old lady down the road thought she had a ghost in the house,” she says, “but it was only old Tom MaAleer, frightening her for fun.” The memories come fast. “Twenty men, they had, only tem years ago, to bring in the potato crop. Young Hugh has a machine now. He only needs five.”

It‟s time for the news on TV. Mrs. Chambers wants to see the racing results. She won quite a lot of money last week. Next month she‟s going down to Tipperary in the Republic of Ireland. The horse-racing there is wonderful. She finds it hard to stay away. But before the racing results there‟s another item of news. A bomb has exploded in Belfast. Several people have been killed. Mrs. Chambers shakes her head. “They‟re all crazy,” she says. “It‟s just a few who make all the trouble. The rest of us want to live in peace. We‟ve all got life long friends from both sides. And most of the time we never talk about the trouble.”

The racing results come on. She leans forward to watch. For her, ordinary everyday life is the most important thing.

参考译文:

乔柏斯太太舒服地坐在扶手椅里，享受着一杯咖啡。她有权利放松，她已经过了很长时间的忙碌生活了。

现在乔柏斯太太已经退休了，住在班戈区的一所小房子里。班戈区是贝尔法斯特附近一个广受喜爱的海边小城。但是在生命中的大部分时间里，她都住在农村。她丈夫在斯福德湖中间的一座岛上有一个农场。乔柏斯太太每周都烤两次面包，每个夏天都要做果酱，每天12点准时把丈夫的午饭摆在桌上。岛上的那个农场属于乔柏斯家族已经很多年了，是从父辈传下来的。那是个安静美丽的地方。他们自己种土豆和蔬菜，还养母鸡和奶牛。乔柏斯先生去世后，他的儿子接管了农场，乔柏斯太太搬离了那里。

她喝了口咖啡。想起以前那些人的时候，她笑了。“住在路尽头的那个老太太以为自己房子里有鬼，”她说，“其实那只是老汤姆.麦艾里尔唬她逗她玩的。”记忆被快速的唤醒。“仅仅在十年前，他们请了二十个人来挖土豆。年轻的休现在有了自己的机器，他只需要五个人。”

现在到电视新闻时间了。乔柏斯太太想看看跑马比赛的结果。她上个礼拜赢了一大笔钱。她下个月要去爱尔兰的蒂帕雷里，那里的跑马比赛很精彩，她发现自己很难不参与进去。但是在比赛结果公布之前新闻：贝尔法斯特发生了一起爆炸，几个人被炸死了。乔柏斯太太摇了摇头。“他们疯了”她说，“制造麻烦的只是少数人，我们

其余的人都想过平静的生活。我们都有来自双方的终身朋友(双方指天主教徒和新教徒)，多数时候我们从不谈论烦心事。”

比赛结果出来了。她倾着身子去看。对她来说，普通平凡的日常生活才是最重要的。

一、书面表达练习

1.情景：潘力和刘一是校友。潘力手头有两张在北京展览馆举办的家用电脑展览会的门票。任务：假定你是潘力，留一

2.情景：Smith先生三个星期前买了一台冰箱。昨天冰箱出了故障，发出一种奇怪的声音，不再工作了。任务：假定你是Smith先生，给商店经理写一封信，要求尽快派人来修理。

3.情景：美国耶鲁大学来访教授John Gardner博士将于11月11日星期三上午9时在3号楼202教室作讲座。内容是金融领域新动向。

任务：假定你是金融系的教学秘书，写一则通知，欢迎有兴趣的人来听这一讲座。

4.任务：根据下列提示，给朋友李敏写一封短信。 (1)祝贺她数学竞赛获得第一名;

(2)对她的成功并不感到奇怪，因为她一贯勤奋刻苦; (3)她的努力给自己作出了榜样; (4)希望听到更多有关她的好消息。

5.情景：假定你是晓光，与周辉是同桌，上次你的父母问起过他的情况，因为没有时间，不能详细说明。任务：现在，写一封60字左右的短信跟他们说明周辉的情况。 (1)他身体高大，强壮，会做很多事情; (2)他学习成绩很好;

(3)从不饮酒，总是按时回寝室; (4)我们都很喜欢他。

6.情景：你有一个台湾朋友，叫刘建民，昨天惊闻那里发生了强烈地震，你很为他担心。任务：写一封60字左右的短信问候他。假定你是李国良。 (1)从报上得知他居住的城市发生了强烈地震; (2)地震破坏性很大，给人民的生活造成很大的影响; (3)衷心地希望他和他的家人能平安无事;

约她星期日上午9时在学校4号门见面，然后一起去参观展览会。

(4)希望能早点听到他的音信。

7.情景：你的英语成绩不是很好，所以，两个月以前你曾委托同学小芳帮你找一位英语教师补课，可是到现在还没有消息，你很着急。

任务：写一张50字左右的便条给小芳，向她追问此事，假定你是李君。 (1)她曾经答应过要给你找一位英语老师; (2)如今两个月过去了，不知此事怎样了; (3)你急需一位英语老师; (4)如能答复将不胜感激。

8.情景：假定你是骏伟，即将要去广州出差，请你的同学王颉帮你预订广州的旅馆房间。任务：写一张50字左右的便条给王颉，要他以你的名义预订房间。 (1)你将在6月28日，星期三下午到达广州; (2)需要有浴室的单人房间; (3)最好在三楼。

9.情景:假如你是商店的营业员，李南上次来买衬衫，有他的尺寸，但是没有蓝色的。李南就向你预订了一件，现在货已到。

任务：给李南写一张50字左右的便条。

(1)李南上次曾经来你店买过衬衫，但是没有买到合适的; (2)上次要买的衬衫已经到货; (3)问他什么时候来买; (4)来之前请先打个电话。

10.情景：曹君和孙洁约好在星期天去海滨(the beach)游泳，可是曹君的爷爷意外地被自行车撞倒，因此，她不想去了，假定你是曹君。

任务：给孙洁写一封50字左右的字条，告诉她此事。 (1)本来约好和她一起去海滨游泳;

(2)不幸的是，你的爷爷被自行车撞了，你得留下来照顾他; (3)恐怕不能和她一起去海滨了，感到很抱歉; (4)约她下星期天再去海滨。

二、书面表达练习参考答案

Now.9,1996

Dear Liu Yi,

I‟ve got two tickets for Beijing Exhibition on Sunday. They are for the PERSONAL COMPUTER SHOW in the exhibiton.I‟m sure you‟ll be interested in it.If so, we could go there together. Shall we meet at Gate Four at 9 a.m. on Sunday morning?Please let me know if it‟s OK with you as soon as possible. Pan Li 2.

Dear Sir,

Three weeks ago, I bought a MEILING refrigerator from your shop. It had been working quite well till this morning. It does not work any more and there is a strange noise from the back of it. Would you please send someone to have a look at it? I am at home over the weekend.

I would be very much mechanic comes and do that for me this coming weekend. Thanks a lot. My address is as follows: 9 Xiang Yang Road, Shanghai. Yours, J.Smith 3. Notice

Visiting professor Dr.John Gardner from Yale University is to give us a lecture on banking. Dr.Gardner has given all his time to the study of banking and he will tell us the latest developments in this field. Those who are interested in this topic are welcome.

Time: 9:00 a.m. Wednesday, November 11 Place: Room 202, Building 3 4.

Dear Li Min,

How nice to learn that you have won the first prize in the maths contest. Congratulations! I am not surprised at your success. You have been working so hard at it for the last few months! You have set a good example for us all. Hope to hear more of your successes. Yang Yang 5.

Dear Father and Mother,

Zhouhui is my deskmate. He‟s tall and strong. He is very clever with his hands and can fix almost anything. In study he is good, too. He works very hard and usually gets good grades. Unlike many others, Zhouhui doesn‟t smoke or drink. And he never comes back to the bedroom very late.

Zhouhui is my roommate, too. Everybody says he is a very good guy. And we all like him very much. Love

Xiao Guang 6.

Dear Mr.Liu,

I learn with dismay from today‟s paper that a severe earthquake happened in your city two days ago. It was indeed the sharpest one ever experienced and produced great effect on people‟s life there. Your neighborhood was in the area of the earthquake center. I do hope you and you family have escaped without harm. Looking forward to hearing from you in detail. Yours sincerely, Li Guoliang

Dear Xiao Fang,

You promised to an English teacher. But two months have elapsed since we talked on this matter. What is the situation now? I am urgently in need of the teacher. I shall be grateful if you can give me an answer very soon.

Looking forward to seeing you. Sincerely, Li Jun 8.

Dear Wang Jie,

I‟m leaving for Guangzhou on business trip on Wednesday afternoon, 28 June. Would you please help me to reserve one single room with private bath for me for that night. It would be most preferable if it is to be on the third floor.

Thank you for your kindness. Yours faithfully, Jun Wei 9.

Dear Li Nan,

Last Saturday, you came to our store to buy a blue shirt, size 39. Unfortunately, we have your size, but not in that color. Now, we have the shirt that you ordered. Please come to our store to buy it. By the way, before you come please give a call. Sincerely,

The shop assistant 10.

Dear Sun Jie,

I had hoped to at the beach with you. But unfortunately, my grandpa was kn ocked down by a bike and I had to send him to hospital yesterday. So I‟m afraid I can‟t go with you tomorrow because I have to stay to look after him. I really beg your pardon. By the way,shall we go to the beach next Sunday? Cao Jun

公共英语考场技巧答题得高分

考试临近，周围考生都在抓紧分分秒秒复习，这对考试成功非常重要，但考场答题经验也不容忽视。我根据自己参加自考的经验，特别向考生介绍一下考场答题经验。

首先，拿到试卷后不要忙于先看题目，而要先写好姓名、准考证号、座位号。

其次，要仔细审题。在考试过程中，解答每一道题都要先审题。不仔细审题，容易答错、答偏。审题时不能粗枝大叶，不能想当然，也不能操之过急，特别是那些形式上类似以前曾经做过的题目，要特别注意。有的考生将考题匆匆看一眼，认为题目似乎与自己复习中遇到的相同，就按原来的思路下笔解答，结果文不对题，成绩大打折扣。审题不可求快。文字较长的题目要稳下心来仔细阅读。

再次，要认真答题。答题的程序有两种：一是根据答题的时间分配，采用先易后难的程序；二是按照试卷编排的程序，一道一道地往下答，如果遇到难题或一时答不出来的题目，先跳过去。究竟采用哪一种答题程序，可根据自己的习惯进行选择。不管采用哪一种答题程序，在做完全部试题以后，都要认真检查，逐一复核，查漏补缺，检查时

最好重新审题，防止误答和漏答。答题要完整准确、条理清楚、要点突出、书写规范。考生答题要完整，该说的话要说够，不能丢三落四。切忌不分段，不分标点写下来，但也不必过于罗嗦。对于计算题，要把计算过程清楚地反映在答题过程中，一步一步解答，有利于成绩的评定。答题时要字迹清楚，不要过于潦草，让人难以辨认。设为首页

最后，应对所有答题反复核查。对于那些没有把握的答题，应着重以宏观角度去阐释。做到自圆其说，并尽量做完所有题目，不留空白题。另外，不同类型的题，要用不同的答题方法。

选择题：在答题时，如果能瞬时准确地把答案找出最好，假如没把握，就要采用排除法，即要从排除最明显的错误开始，把接近正确答案的备选项留下，再分析比较，逐一否定，最终选定正确答案；

填空题：在答题时，无论有几个空，回答都要明确、肯定，不能含糊其辞。填空题看似容易实则难，最好的应对办法是对学科知识中最基本的知识、概念、原理等要牢记；

名词解释题：在答题时，答案要简明、概括、准确，如分值较大，可简要扩展；

简答题：在答题时，既不能像名词解释那样简单，也不能像论述题那样长篇大论，答案要有层次，列出要点，简要扩展就可以；

论述题：在答题时，要紧密围绕题目，列出答案要点，然后对要点逐一展开叙述，此时考灼见，要在深度、广度上下工夫。如果对一些要点把握不大，时间又不允许多考虑，可多答一些要点，但要避免把不能说明问题或者与答案相矛盾的东西写上。

Section I: Listening ComprehensionThis section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are two parts in this section, Part A and Part B.

Remember, while you are doing the test, you should answer the questions in your test booklet, NOT on the ANSWER SHEET. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 3 minutes to transfer your answers from your test booklet onto your ANSWER SHEET1.

If you have any questions, you may raise your hand NOW as you will not be allowed to speak once the test is started.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.

Part A:You will hear 10 short dialogues. For each dialogue, there is one question and four possible answers. Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D, and mark it in your test booklet. You will have 15 seconds to answer the question and you will hear each dialogue ONLY ONCE.

Example:You will hear:W: Could if the Beijing flight will be arriving on time?M: Yes, Madam. It should be arriving in about ten minutes.You will read:Who do you think the woman is talking to?A. a bus conductorB. a clerk at the airportC. a taxi driverD. a clerk at the station

From the dialogue, we know that only a clerk at the airport is most likely to know the arrival time of a flight, so you should choose answer B. and mark it in your test booklet.Sample Answer[A] [■] [C] [D]

1. M: That's a nice dress you're wearing.W: Thank you. My father gave it to me as a birthday present. He knows

red's myfavourite colour.

1. What are they talking about?A. their best friendB. their favourite colourC. the clothes the woman is wearingD. a present the man has bought

2. W: Mike, there's not much left in the refrigerator.M: Well, I might be able to pick up a few things after work, but I have to be back rather late today.W: In that case, we'll make do with a meal out at McDonald's.M: OK. See you there at 8:00.

2. What do they decide to do?A. The man will bring some food back for dinner.B. They will go to their friend's home for supper.C. The woman will fill the refrigerator before supper.D. They will eat out for dinner.

Part B:You are going to hear four conversations. Before listening to each conversation, you will have 5 seconds to read each of the questions which accompany it. After listening, you will 15 seconds to answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. You will hear each conversation ONLY ONCE. Mark your answers in your test booklet.

Questions 1 to 4 are based on a talk by a speaker about his hobbies.

W: Well, Mr. Smith, we have had an interesting discussion about your work. Now, tell us something about your after work activities.

M: I guess not from everyone else. I'm interested in sport, and I run about 3 miles every day. I particularly enjoy cross-country running, where you have to run across fields, jump over streams and so on. While I'm running I think about all sorts of things, and at the end of a run I'm sometimes surprised to find that I've managed to solve a problem that was on my mind.

Next year I'm going to try the London Marathon. It's a long, hard race-26 miles, or 42 kilometers-and you have to be tough to finish, but I very much want to do it. I worry a bit about getting old, and I'd like to prove to myself that I'm still almost as fit as I was twenty years ago.

I 'm interested in climbing as well as running. I'll never become an expert climber, but I know what I'm doing in the mountains. I successfully completed a course in snow and ice climbing when I was younger, and I've done a series of easy climbs in the Alps during the last few years. My wife doesn't share my interest in Mountains. She agreed to go climbing with me once, but she found that she felt ill as soon as she got above 1,000 meters, so we decide to follow different hobbies.

W: You certainly seem to enjoy various types of recreation. All right, Mr. Smith. Thanks for your interesting talk.

1. What are the man's hobbies?A. running and thinking B. running and jumpingC. running and climbing D. running and skiing

2. What is the main reason that the man runs every day?A. to think out some difficult problemsB. to do some cross-country runningC. to finish a course in physical trainingD. to keep fit and healthy

3. What is the next year?A. enter for the London MarathonB. do a cross-country runningC. climb the Alps with his wifeD. complete a course in snow and ice climbing

4. What is the speaker's main topic?A. training for a professional athleteB. his ways of physical trainingC. how to do cross country runningD. how to do mountain climbing

Section II Use of EnglishRead the following text. Choose the best word numbered blank andmark A, B, C, or D on your ANSWER SHEET 1.

TextIn Britain, winter is the season not only for visits to the theatre, opera, concerts and ballet, but also for shopping or for sightseeing.London, one of the __1__ cities in the world, has plenty to offer during the winter months, __2__ in the way of entertainment - and the __3__ act like a magnet with __4__ array of presents for the Christmas __5__, followed by large scale bargains in the January __6__. But it's not only London that __7__ value shopping - most of our suburban and __8__ centres have offer to the __9__ shopper.Even if you're based __10__ London, you don't have to spend all your __11__ there - and that goes for all the year __12__, too. Take a train or coach and __13__ what else Britain has to offer; __14__ are many excursions, even in winter, and among the great country houses __15_ keep their stately front doors open __16__ the year are Longleat and Woburn Abbey. __17__ a car and drive __18__ into the beauty of the winter landscape - the scenery will be __19__ beautiful - and the people to chat to you __20__ this time of year.

1. A.coldest B.foggiest C.busiest D.noisiest

2. A.normally B.especiallyC.occasionallyD.generally

3. A.clubs B.pubs C.restaurants D.shops

4. A.its B.the C.that D.their

5. A.shopper B.visitor C.caller D.spender

6. A.bargains B.sales C.selling D.trading

7. A.opens B.presents C.grants D.offers

8. A.provincialB.national C.divisional D.international

9. A.lonely B.eager C.lazy D.nervous

10.A.in B.at C.on D.outside

11.A.money B.time C.energy D.holiday

12.A.there B.then C.over D.round

13.A.see B.watch C.look D.view

14.A.they B.which C.there D.here

15.A.where B.which C.what D.who

16.A.for B.by C.within D.throughout

17.A.Lend B.Let C.Hire D.Take

18.A.out B.back C.on D.across

19.A.even B.still C.yet D.ever

20.A.after B.beyond C.with D.at

Section III Reading ComprehensionPart ARead the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by drawing a thick line across the corresponding letter in the brackets. Text

It was a quarter past nine as Marie hurried into the office building where she was going to work. Her bus had inched along through heavy morning traffic, making her a few minutes late for her very first job. She decided to start out half an hour earlier the next day.Once inside the lobby, she had to stand at the elevators and wait several minutes before she could get on one going to the sixth floor. When she finally reached the office marked 'King Enterprises,' she knocked at the door nervously and waited. There was no answer. She tapped on the door again, but still there was no reply. From inside the next office, she could hear the sound of voices, so she opened the door and went in.Although she was sure it was the same office she had been in two weeks before when she had had the interview with Mr. King, it looked quite different now. In fact, it hardly looked like an office at all. The employees were just standing around chatting and smoking. At the far end of the room, somebody must have just told a good joke, she thought, because there was a loud burst of laughter as she came in. For a moment she had thought they were laughing at her.Then one at his watch, clapped his hands and said something to the others. Quickly they all went to their desks and, in a matter of seconds, everyone was hard at work. No one paid any attention to Marie. Finally she went up to the man who was sitting at the desk nearest to the door and explained that this was her first day in the office. Hardly looking up from his work, he told her to have a seat and wait for Mr. King, who would arrive at any moment. Then Marie realised that the day's work in the office began just before Mr. King arrived. Later she found out that he lived in Connecticut and came into Manhattan on the same train every morning, arriving in the office at 9:35, so that his staff knew exactly when to start working.

1. Marie felt nervous when she knocked at the door because _______. A it was her first day in a new job B she was a little bit late for work C she was afraid that she had gone to the wrong place D there was no answer from inside the office

2. Marie could hardly recognise the office she went into as _______. A she had been there only once B Mr. King was not in the office C nobody was doing any work D the office had a new appearance

3. The people in the office suddenly started working because _______. A they saw a stranger in the office B they had finished their morning break C no one wanted to talk to Marie D the boss was about to arrive

4. We can infer from the text that the employees of the enterprise _______. A would start their work by listening to a joke B were cold to newcomers C were always punctual for work D lacked devotion to the company

5. The best title for this text would be _______. A Punctual Like A Clock B A Cold Welcome C An Unpunctual Manager D Better Late Than Never

Part BRead the texts from a magazine article in which five women talked about their slimming failures. For questions 1 to 5, match the name of each woman (1 to 5) to each of the statements (A to G) given below. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.

Glynis Davis:I first piled on the pounds when I was pregnant and I couldn't lose them afterwards. Then I joined a slimming club. My target was 10 stone and I lost 2 stone 2lbs in six months. I felt great and people kept saying how good I looked. But Christmas came and I started to slip back into my old eating habits. I told myself I'd lose the weight at slimming classes in the new year... but it didn't happen. Instead of losing the pounds, I put them on. I'd lost the willpower and tried to convince myself that the odd bag of crisps didn't make any difference - but the scales don't lie.

Roz Juma:To be honest, I any more - I've learned to be happy with myself. It seemed ridiculous to feel guilty about every morsel that passed my lips. My philosophy is simple: You shouldn't be preoccupied with food and dieting. Instead, you should get on with life and stop dreaming about a super-thin body. This is obviously the size I'm meant to be and, most of all, I'm happy with it.

Lesley Godwin:I was very happy after winning Young Slimmer of the Year. I'd look in the mirror unable to believe this slim creature was me. That might have been my problem - perhaps I didn't relate to my reflection any more. Winning a national competition makes everything worse, though, because you feel the eyes of the world are on you. I feel a failure because I've put on weight again... I find it humiliating and embarrassing.

Ros Langford:Before moving in with my husband Gavin, I'd always been about 8 stone, but domestic bliss went straight to my waist and I put on 2 stone in a year. Every so often I try to go on a diet... I'm really good for a few days, then end up eating the children's leftovers or gorging on chocolate - my weakness. I'd like to be slim, but right now my priorities are the children and home. I may be more motivated when the kids are older.

Julia Minifie:I'm a compulsive eater. I can't control my urges and I really love cakes. When I'm slim I feel like a million dollars - and when I'm not I get very depressed. Over the years I'd tried and failed with just about every diet. I was determined I'd never put the weight back on, but at some stage along the line I lost my resolution, and it started to creep on again... Certainly I will face the same problem in the future.

Now match each of the women (1 to 5) to the appropriate statement.Note: there are two extra statements. Statements1. Glynis Davis A I put on weight after I got married.2. Roz Juma B The heavier, the merrier.3. Lesley Godwin C Facts speak louder than words.4. Ros Langford D I like myself as I am.5. Julia Minifie E I'm constantly at war with my weight. F Fame doesn't necessarily mean success. G I think I'll be slim again.

Section IV: WritingYou should write your responses to both parts on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Part AYou have read the following magazine advertisement in which a British girl is looking for pen-friends and you want to get in touch with her.

Name: Helen Young

Age: 21.Interest: collecting coins, stamps and postcards; learningDifferent languages.All letters will be answered.Address: 42 Johnson Street, Edinburgh, EH9 1LN, UK

Write a letter to her (Helen Young), telling her about:1. your family2. your schooling/work3. your hobbiesYou should write approximately 100 words. You do not need to write the address.

Part BBelow is a graph showing car accidents in a city during 1997. Look at the graph and write an essay of about 120 words making reference to the following points:1. car

accidents in different months and the general trend in 19972. the possible reasons for accidents

car

The number of car accidents

Level 3 Oral Test

Part I (3 minutes)

Task: Identifying oneself; identifying things/ people; passing on information. Interlocutor:

Good morning (afternoon). My name is.... and this is my colleague.... He/she is just going to be listening to us.And your names are ... and ...?Would you tell me your candidate check them, please?Thank you.(Hand over the mark sheets to the assessor.)First of all we'd like to know something about you, Candidate A, so I'm going to ask you some questions.

Home town

Either: (for candidates from other provinces)1，Where did you live before you came here?2，How long have you lived here?3，How do you like it? Why?4，Do you think you will live here forever? Why?

Or: ( For candidates taking the examination locally)1，Do you live near here? Whereabouts?2，What do you think are the good points about living there?3，How do you usually go to work / school? Why?

Thank you. Now, we'd like to know something about you, Candidate B, so I'm going to ask you some questions. Family1，Could you tell us something about your family?2，What does your family usually do for the weekend?3，Do you enjoy it? Why?4，What do you think about living together with parents/by yourself?

Part 2 (3 minutes)

Interlocutor:Now, I'd like you to talk about something for about 3 minutes. I'm just going to listen.I'd like you to discuss what kinds of doing and why.(Place picture sheet (including pictures of different sports: 1. football, 2. basketball, 3. table tennis, 4. swimming) in front of candidates.)

Talk to each other about it. It is not necessary to agree with each other. You have only about 3 minutes for this. Candidates: (Approximately 3 minutes.)

Interlocutor: Thank you. (Retrieve picture sheet.)Part 3 (4 minutes)

Interlocutor:Now, I'd like each of you to talk on your own for about one and a half minutes. I'm going to give each of you a different picture and I'd like you to talk about it. Candidate A, here is your picture (Chinese football team, after losing a match, walking out of the stadium).Please let Candidate B have a look at it.

(Hand over the picture to Candidate A)

Candidate B, I'll give you your picture in a minute. Candidate A, I'd like you to describe the picture and tell us what you think about Chinese football. Remember you have only about one and a half minutes for this, so don't worry if I interrupt you.

Candidate A: (Approximately one and a half minutes.)

Interlocutor:Thank you. (Retrieve picture.) Candidate B, is there anything else you would like to say about the picture?

Candidate B: (Approximately 30 seconds.)

Interlocutor:Candidate B, here is your card (football fans on the stadium, cheering for their team). Please let Candidate A have a look at it.(Hand over the picture to Candidate B)

I'd like you to describe the picture and also tell us how you feel about fans. Remember you have only about one and a half minutes for this. Candidate B: (Approximately one and a half minutes.)

Interlocutor:Thank you. (Retrieve picture.) Candidate A, is there anything else you would like to say about the picture?

Candidate A: (Approximately 30 seconds.) Interlocutor: Thank you. (That is the end of the test.)

Writing

A survey conducted in Tianjin found that 98% of high school students and 92% of elementary school students have to spend most of their weekends doing homework.

Write an essay of about 120 words. You may include the following points: 1. Discuss the negative effects of too much homework on children.

2. Discuss the disadvantages of the present exam-oriented education system.

3. Call for efforts to ease students' burden and help them lead a colorful and enjoyable life.

【参考范文】

Too much homework has become a common complaint in high schools and elementary schools. Students have to spend most of their time doing homework, even on weekends. As a result, they have no time for their hobbies, or for their parents or friends. All they do is what they have to do, not what they like to do.

The underlying cause for this phenomenon lies in the present exam-oriented education system. National College Entrance Examination has become the sole focus of teachers, parents, and students themselves. High score becomes the ultimate goal, to the neglect of practical abilities, personality development, and all that.

It is urgent that we reform. We must allow for students' overall development, not just evaluate their test scores.

Writing

According to some surveys done by the Ministry of Education, there are about 153 million illiterates and semi-illiterates in China. Its illiteracy rate in the western region is much higher than the country's average level and it is as high as 40 percent. The rate for the country's whole population stands at 14 percent. Write an essay of

about 120 words, stating your opinion about this issue now confronting China.

【参考范文】

The task of educating a huge population can be challenging to any country. Though China has shown great concern and done much in education, and in eliminating illiteracy, it still has 153 million illiterate and semi-illiterate citizens, according to some statistics issued by the Ministry of Education. So, in my opinion, raising China's education level, to a large extent, depends on greater educational achievement in its vast western region and some other backward areas.

In the past decade, China has moved to combat illiteracy and promote nine years of compulsory schooling, especially in poor areas and areas inhabited by minorities, and has achieved a great success, but it seems a difficult task in regions where educational opportunities are limited. However, we should set a target that, by 2010, nine-year compulsory schooling should be realized and the illiteracy rate among young and middle-aged adults should be reduced to the minimum. Only in this way can China raise its national educational level. Writing

An article in a newspaper once said: \"As China strives to develop its western area, some effective measures should be taken to improve forestry in the region.\" Write an essay of about 120 words, stating what effective measures should be adopted to improve forestry in the western area.

【参考范文】

Over the past 10 years, China has made much headway in its afforestation and soil conservation. For instance, the national forest acreage has increased by 13.7 million hectares since the fourth national survey on forest resources in 1990. Despite these great achievements, some serious problems still remain to be solved such as how to improve forestry in the western area in the course of its economic development.

Forestry build-up in the west is a long-term task. In order to have this goal materialized, I think some concrete and effective measures should be taken immediately. For example, to protect the natural environment of the west, some previously cultivated areas should be returned to forest and grassland. In the course , some strict laws should made and their enforcement must be guaranteed. Those who

violate forest protection laws must be severely punished. Only by taking these effective measures can forestry in the western area be improved.

Writing

Below are three tables showing the changes in your family since 1985. Look at the table and write an essay of about 120 words making reference to the following points. 1. What was your home like before 1985? 2. What are the changes after 1985?

【参考范文】

Changes in My Home

Many changes have taken place in my home since 1985. A few years ago, we lived in a twelve-meter-square room which was used as bedroom, our study as well as our dining room. I often quarreled with my sister since she often occupied the only small table or the stool.

Later, our family moved into a new house with two large bedrooms, one sitting room, one kitchen and a clean toilet. A color TV took the place of the old black-white one and a beautiful four-speaker . My parents' books found a new place in a larger bookcase and we can keep fruits, pork, eggs in a refrigerator. With the development of society, every family's life has been improved a great deal indeed.

口试主题——Hometown,family,environment

一：family

PARTA PARTB

1)家庭人数 how many people

there are three people in my family,my father ,my mother and I.

2)家人工作岗位 what job do your parents have?

my mother is a teacher,but now she is retired.my father is a policeman,and he is working in a public security bureau.

3)家人相处情况 do you live with your parent very well?

we care for each other.if someone has a difficult problem,the other two help him.

4)家人对孩子要求过严叙述 because my family has a only child,it is me.parents are very strict with me.they ask me to study hard everyday.they said I should go into a famous university,and if i go into the famous university ,i can find a better job in the future.yeah,they are right.but i am not a superman,and i am a common person.

解决方法 you should have a serious talk with them about the subject.and you should make them know you are a common people,and you want to live a ordinary life.

5)喜欢多子家庭 I like the family with more children.because a child is easy to be spoiled.I often see many children spoiled by their parents.

反驳 there are large amounts of people in china.I think a-child-policy is very good.if the policy will be abandoned,china population will be getting larger and larger.

6)不喜欢单亲家庭 I don't like single-parent family.In order to raise child, a single parent has to work every day,especially night.and they seldom accompany theirs children,theirs children feel very lonely. it easily cause psychological peoblem.

7)无子女家庭 dink family is a tendence.many young couple have no child,because they think raising chldren is a burden.there are more and more young people choosing the way.young couple like enjoying world of two.

PARTC

1)关于离婚问题

A:there are many families choosing divorce.they think it is better to get divorced than stick to an unhappied marriage.however,some family have a child.I think they should think it over before making a decision of divorce. there are three reason to support my opinion.

first,the love form the mother is different from the love from the father.so,every children has both parents' love.if a child living with a single parent will get unhappied,and they may bring psychological problem.

second,in order to raise children,single parent has to work harder.they have less time being together with theirs children.theirs children feel very sad,they don't feel love,which also cause pshchological problem.

third,if single parent get married again,children will get hurt by having a call a unrelated person\"mother\"or \"father'.and if the new parent don't get along very well with the child,the situation is becoming even worse.

B:I agree with you. I read in the newspaper about case of youth criminal.according to official statis,a large percentage of youngth criminal are from single-family or remarried family.when they are 7 to 17 year old,their family get divorced.so,I think parents should think it over before makeing a decision of divorce.

2)关于生男孩问题

A:the pciture shows a woman who has already two girls is patting her abadomen and saying\"I want to be a boy\". In china there is a traditional custom that they think if I get a boy,I get happy. I think there are three reasons explaining the phenomenon.

first,if you have a son,when the son grow up and get married,the child whom he have can carry on the family name. second,if you have a son,when the son get warried,his wife will come into your family.while if you have a daughter,you have to see your daughter going to husband's family.you feel very lonely.

third,in the countryside a man is equal to a labor force,he can help do some housework,such as carrying brick or working in the field,because man is very strong.

however,there are many problems in china.for example, if everyone all like son, most of population are man.when thses men reach married age,they don't look for companion. of course,we will face other problem.

there are large of people in china. but in 1980 our country adopt many measure to control population growth,such as a-child policy.I think if we want to keep economy growth fast,We must carry on a-child policy.

B:I agree with you.but it is very difficult to carry on a-child policy,especially countryside.many people in the countryside hide fact there is a daughter in their family,their purpose only is to have a boy.I think our government should make a severe laws,and organize more people to countryside inspecting,if they find there are two chuldren in a family,they shouled be pubished severely by law.

二：environment

PARTA PARTB

1)环境总体概况 environment problem is geting more and more serious.We should do something to help our environment,otherwise it is late.

2)环境恶化事例 there are a pile of garbage near the river bank .you often see people spiting in public.although many garbage can should be provided in the community,there are many people neglecting the rules,they still throw away garbage everywhere.

3)环保课程 there are many students having a lesson about environment. many teacher begin to teach students how to protect environment,and tell them how important a good environment is to us and to the whole world. there are some lecture about environment problem in primary school,and middle school and university or college school.

4)成人环保更应关注 we should teach adults,because adults neglect it more than student do.we should have a lecture in a cinema or in a hall, which enable them know about the significance of environment protection.

5)我们应该从我做起 we should protect environment by myself.for example,I can use less plastic bag or divide garbage into differents cans or taking bus or subway instead of taking a car.

PARTC

破坏森林

A:the pictures exhibit a man is sawing down another tree in the area.

Forests in china are getting smaller and smaller.there are much flood every years in china,many wild animal have disappeared ,dessert is getting larger and larger,sandstroms are emerging in most of cities in china. there are at least one reason to explain the issue.

people cut trees for money,they think these trees will be grow naturally and they don't need much time to care for them.

We should protect environment,if we don't protect environment ,it is getting worse and worse.we destory our earth and actually destory oursleves.those people cutting trees should be punished severely.

B:I agree with you.Once destroy has been done,it is impossible to recover.in the past 20 to 30 years,there are nartural disaster occuring each year.even if we stop destroying environment,there are no

.if we continue destroying our environment,we can imagined that people will

completely destroy earth.

小贴士：

如果碰到对方沉默，你可以用do you agree with me?

口试主题——weather,climate and places

一：weather and climate

PARTA PARTB PARTC

1)天气总体概述 the .

2)夏天好 there are many fresh fruits in summer,such as strawberry.I love fresh fruit very much. I can swim every day.I am a keen swimmer.

夏天不好 It is too hot.my skin is easy to get dark in summer.I have to stay at home,and turn on the air-conditioner and have a ice drink.

3)冬天好 everything covers white blanket.I can play snow,for example I can make a snowman.

冬天不好 It is too cold.I have to stay at home and turn on the air-conditioner and have a hot drink.winter is very easy to have a bad cold.

4)春天好 In spring,it is very warm and comfortable.you can see many flower blooming and many trees budding,and many leaves turning green.everything is full of life.

5)秋天好 the temperature is very good,and you can see many leaves turning yellow or red.everything is very beautiful.it is not very cold and not very hot.

秋天不好 there are many trees falling and many flower fading.It is full of sadness

反驳 autumn is a season for harvest.everything will be alive again next spring.that is a natural law.

二：place

PARTA PARTB PARTC

1)不喜欢住在城市 there are more skyscripers and more people in the city.everything go fast.and air pollution is very severe.it is very bad for our health to live in a such kind of city.

喜欢住在城市 it is very convenient to go shopping .and you can get latest news in the city.we have modern transportation and we have many modern facility,such as a great museum,a great cinema,and a great park,and a great airport.

2)不喜欢住在郊区 in the countryside,although everything is very quite,and secnery is very beautiful,and air is very fresh.but if you were sick,you will not get proper treatment,you have to come back to big city for treatment

喜欢住在郊区 because everything is very quiet,you can concentrate on doing everything if you want to do.it is very good for you health.you can breathe fresh air and see a beauitful scenery.

3) 度假住在海滨城市

I like living in seaside,because there are many modern facility. and it is still quite.you can also breathe fresh air.and you can also see beautiful scenery,because you are beside the sea.

4)对于名胜古迹的描述 there are many historial places in china,such as forbidden cities ,summer places,and qinshiwang tomb.they describe china's custom and culture.through knowing abput history,we can know much china's custom.

对于特定名胜古迹描述比如说故宫 The forbidden city was build in Ming Dyansty in the 13 th century.after it was built,it served as ming and qing emperor for 500 years.nowadays it can be visited by tourists,it only open small part.

对于特定名胜古迹描述比如说长城

A: the picture show a great wall.as we all know,the great wall was built by qinshiwang there are at least one reason to explain why qinshiwang want to build great wall.

that time,many people want to invade china,qibshiwang have to built the great wall to prevent their invasion.I think qinshiwang's decision accelerate his dynasty's destruction. I have two reasons to support my opinion.

firstly,for building a great wall,he employed more than 100000 people,and it taked at least 10 years to complete it.people is very angry,because those employee don't receive any money.

secondly,for building the great wall,country spend a large of money,and lead to country financial problem.and once country have no money,he order many people must donate their all property,so a large amount of people were dead because they have no moeny to buy some foods.

B:I agree with you,but after all qinshiwang built the great wall.and in 1987,UN wall is a world heritage.thanks to a great wall,we can get world people's respect.in china,there is a saying,\"if you don't go to the great wall.you aren't' a true man.

小贴士：

如果对方滔滔不绝说下去，你可以用下列句子打断对方 that is a good idea,but...

口试主题——food,drink and daily life

一：food and drink

PARTA PARTB PARTC

1)喜欢吃荤菜

I like having a meat,such as pork ,beef or limb.although it contain much fat,it tastes very delicious.

2)喜欢吃素菜

I like to have vegetable,although it tastes very bad,it is very good for our health,because vegetable has much rich nutriment.

3)关于速冻食品

I like to have instant food,because I have no time to cook,it is very convenient to have instans food,and some instant foods have some nutriment,such as jiaozi,dumpling.it contains both pork and vegetable.but I don't like instant noodle.because it contain less nutriment and it tastes very bad,the only merit is cheap.

4)关于快餐

I like to have chinese fast food.because it is very delicious and it still contain much nutriment,while western food has less nutriment,especially kfc.indeed,western fast food taste very well,but it is very harmful for our health. A:You can see many people going into the westenn fast food reataurant,especially young people.why do many people like having western food?I think there are at least three reason.

firstly,westen food is very delicious,such as chikcen and hamburger.you only spend 20 yuan and you can still enjoy good taste.if you want to spend 20 yuan for enjoying good taste at the chinese restaurant,it is very impossible. second,it is very convenient to have such a fast food.you only take 10 minutes to have it.you know,if you have chinese foods,cooking it is at least 10 minutes. especially now pace of life is more and more fast ,we have no time to eat something.

thirdly,promotion ways in western fast food reataurant is very attractive.you know there is at least a new product in western food reataurant every month especially McDonald's and KFC.many restaurant can offer many toys,especially series of small toys.many chuldren want to each toys,they have to often go to reataurant.

B:I agree with you.but I will have a another reason.that is advertisement.you often watch many on TV.and thses picture is very attractive.you can see big hamburger,and you can see

big chicken,especially when you are hungry,you will rush into fast food restaurant to enjoy it.

5)关于咖啡

I like to have a coffee.because studying is very heavy,and I don't often go asleep until at 11 pm for studying,if you have a coffee,it can refresh me.

It contain caffeines,which is harmful to people's health.

6)关于茶

I like to have a tea.it is very good for our health.

7)关于水果饮料

I love it.it contain much nutriment,such as vantain c.and it tastes very good.

8)关于可乐

It can refresh me,but it contain some element,which is harmful to your health.

二： daily life

PARTA PARTB PARTC

1)关于E-mail

It is very convenient to use e-mail.it is much faster and more convenient than the traditional mail service.

2)关于网上购物

I like shopping online.I am a vip in joyo.you can buy anything that you want to buy.and shopping online is very convenient and very cheap,but its quality is very good.you just stay at home and click on your mouse.for example,if

you decide to buy something,next day someone will send goods to you home.

3)关于网上聊天

I often chat on Internet.I talk with my friends through qq about everything such as politics ,sports,current affair and so on.and for improving my english,I often also talk with foreingers through msn.we can also know about many customs in different countries .

4)关于电脑危害

I think everything is advantage and disadvantage.many people especially young people play game every day especially night.it impacts their studying.for example,I have a neighbour.during the middle school ,due to study hard,so his academic ,and he went into a high school.but during the high school,he play games every day.so,they didn't go into the ideal university.

5)不遵守交通规则，导致交通事故

In recently years,more and more people can buy private cars.At the same time,there are more and more accidents every day.I think there are at least six reasons .

first,although more and more people obey trafic regulation,but when they are very tireds or after they have a alcohol,they still drive.

second.they don't obey traffic regulation.

third,some drivers are driving when they using cell phone ,whichs leads to tarific accident. fourth,when some people cross the road,they don't look around carefully.

fifth,some new drivers don't have enough experience,they can't react quickly enough in an emergency. sixth,some cars are not properly maintained,so that in an emergency the brakes will fail.

B:We should take some measures for preventing traffic regulation.for example,we can educate people and tell them how important obeying traffic regulation is to us.our government should make some laws.if anyone violate traffic regulation,they should be punished severely.

6)关于看电视

A:Nowadays,we can see many people are watching tv together.Tv is a part of our lives. There are some advabntages through watching tv.

we can relax throughout watching tv series or cartoon series.and it is the cheapest way to get relaxation. we can learn about some latest news such as politics news sports news and entertainment news.

we can also know about some custom and some culture from other countries.you just stay at home,you can know about all information.

of course,there are some disadvantage .for example,it is harmful to our eyse,and some tv series involve in some violence,it is very bad to our children.

B:I agree with you.I have a brother,when he was at middle school,his academic ,so ,he went into a ideal high school.but during the high school,he watch tv every day.he don't fall sleep until 11pm for watching tv series.and the last,he don't go into the ideal university.he is very sad.

口试主题——free time activity and shopping

free time activity and shopping

PARTA PARTB PARTC

1)关于下棋

I like playing chess and collection stamps.when I was young,and I see my father is playing chess with his friend.from then on,I begin to play chess.but now my studying is very heavy,I have to study hard every day.I don't play the game.

2)关于看电影

I am very crazy about movie.I save money every day.I am only one purpose that I can often go to cinema.of course,I also like buying some dvd.In common,quality of legal dvd is very good.you can watch clear picture and clear sound.I like jackchen,though he is not handsome,he is very humorous and his film is very interesting.and his kongfu is very attractive.

3)喜欢溜冰

I like skating.when I was six,I begin to like it.I like skating,because when i am skating,I can relax and I am very happy and very energetic.and it is very good to our health.you can also see white and pure ice outdoors.

4)踢足球

I like playing football.i often play .but place is smaller and smaller,I can't just find places for playing football.we have to spend money to choose a place for playing football. of course,I like watching football match,especially world cup.

I remeber I watched it every night. sometime I can't fall sleep until the football ends.

5)游泳

I like swimming,especially in summer.I can swim every day.I am a keen swimmer.throughout skating,you can feel relax and feel more energetic and so happy.

6)业余活动:做模型飞机

the student is makeing modern plane.I guess he is taking part in the competition about making modern plane.

7)业余活动:浇花

the student is watering flowers.I guess that she is fond of flowers.

8)业余活动:画画,下棋

the student is painting.I guess that he is interested in painging.he can also play chess.you see that he is concentrated on playing chess with a his friend.I think he is a superman about playing chess.

9)业余活动其他

A:of course,there are more hobby among us.such as playing football ,seeing a film.and I often see a film every month.but I have not enough money,so I can buy some dvd.and If you buy legal dvd,you can find out its quality is very well,and sound is very clear.

some people like reading books,through reading book,they can know about much knowledge and these knowledge will not be learned in daily life.

you can know about some things through hobby.and those thing are not from textbook of course as a stuent ,we should suudy ,studying is very important for them

B:through hobby,we can know about some kenowledge and learn about culture and custom.we can relax so that I can have more energy to study or work.but every hobby will spend amouns of time,of course,we should be deal with relationship sutdy and hobby.

10)超市购物

You often see people rolling the trolley in the supermarket.there are many goods in the trolley,such as sweets,meats,and naobaijin.you often see the commerical on tv.the advertising is very awful.if people watch the advertising,they can't buy it.

11)关于广告

There are more and more commercial on tv.you can find out some commercial is wrong,advertiser only has a prupose,that is making money,they don't responsible in what he tell them,because if they tell people the truth ,nobody will buy it.

关于服装价格高问题

A:you can find there are many expensive goods in the modern department,especially shanghai,beijin,guangdong district.if you come into the department,you can see a suit ,and its price is 2000 yuan.if you come to sports floor,at the famous brands counter such as adadas ,nike,a sports shirt worth 500yuan.you know a ordinary people only have 2000yuan salary every month.the shirt's price is one-fourth of income. why do people will buy expensive goods,I think there are at least one reason.

Famous brand can bring people confidence and energy.if they have famous brand's cloth,they will concentrate on doing some things.and famous band is a symbol of status.if you wear famous brand cloth,you can find everyone looking at you,you feel proud and happy.

b:indeed,this is not good.I remember when i was young,many classmates wear famous brand clothes,and compare with each other.if someone wear a famous cloth,others admire him.however,famous brand divide two kinds.one is domestic famous brand and two is intertional famous brand.and there are a very bad phenomenon,people like wearing interetional famous brand,and they don't like brand clothes.I hope if you decide to buy famous brand,you had better buy domestic famous clothes.if so,ourcountry's economy will develop more fast.

口试主题——education and popular science

一：education

PARTA PARTB PARTC

1)一生中经历的教育阶段

there are three stages in our life,such as primary school stage,middle school school and college or university stage.

2)中学最重要

it is a key stages in our people's mental development.and our own opinion are formed in the middle school stage.if we fail it,i can't get hifher school.

3)小学最重要

I think primary school is the most stage.because primary school education help me form a solid foundation,if we fail it,it is impossible to achieve anything in the future. 反驳

in the primary school stages,many pupil don't realize the importance of sutdying and learning.

4)关于大学

I think through studying in the college or university school,we can relaize how to learn.you know,knowing about how to learn is very important in the future.if you can know how to learn,you can get a better job in the future.

5)关于学生把课余时间放在学习上

A:I see many students study hard in the spare-time.why do they love studying?I think there are at least three reasons.

firstly,country aspect.china populations is very huge.country have to set test system to get abality people.in china,abality people means making lots of money in the future.so,many students are for making lot of money ,they have to choose studying.

secondly,parents aspect.nowadays,many parents compare with each other.if own child go into a famous

university,everyone admire him.he feel very pround and very happy.if own child fail it,they can scold children.many children study hard due to parents' pressure.I think they don't like studying by themselves.

school,they realize it.it is very easy to catch up.

thirdly,children aspect.many children learn about future's importance.they know if they study hard.they can get a good job in the future.

B:as far as I know,many people get psychology barrier due to parent's pressure.I think our government should take some measures.children are children,they like playing,it is a natural law.we should try children play,and it enable them enjoy childhood's pleasure.confining them is at home for studying is not good.

6)关于留学

A:more and more people are choosing studying abroad,they go abroad for getting further education.but they will face with much hardship.I think there are at least three problems.

firstly,their family have to spend a deal of money to cover the tuition fees and living expenses. secondly,they have to learn how to live alone and solve all problem by themselves.

thirdly,the student have to master a language.you know it is very difficult to master a language and they also have to learned foreinge custom and foreign culture.

however,many students think if he sutdy aboard,they can get a good job.I think it is not very easy to get a better job.because they are not familar with china fast development.

B:it is true.for example,I have afriend,when he was eighteen,he went into sutdy aboard for achieveing dreaming of foreign university.he think if he will come back china,he can make a lot of money.but when he was twenty-two,he

come back china.he can't get a better job,because it is very fast about china's development,he can't adapt china's current situation.

7)关于大学生不学习现象

in the campus,there are more and more students playing overnight.,such as palying cards,and playing video games.they usually sleep in the daytime,I think it is very bad that students sleep in the calssroom in the daytime.I think there are at least three reason to explain the phenomenon.

firstly,many students think that if I go to university and I am very easy to get a good job.

secondly,many students study hard during the high school stages.they think they should relax during the university stage.

thirdly,many students think it is not important to study during the university stage.they think during the college stages,they should learn social relationship.they think if they have a good relationship,they can get a better job.but I think it is very important to know about how to study.if you know about how to study,you can get a better job.

二： popular science

PARTA PARTB PARTC

1)关于卫星

man-made satellite can transmit data to everywhere .you can stay at home and watch cnn from USA.

2)关于手机

we can use mobilephone,and we can communicate with anybody.we can dial a number,and the other can receive the message.it takes much less time than any other means.

3)关于航天

we can fly into outer spaces.you know,spacecraft can transport out our astronaut into outer spaces.

4)关于和机器人下棋

you can see a oldman .it is not easy to play with chess,because their calculation rate is very high.but I think it doesn't matter whether the oldman can win or not.he is old and probably is retired.robot accompany with him,and he don't feel lonely.

口试主题——health,body care and social relations

一：health,body care

PARTA PARTB PARTC

1)怎样使自己健康

I think there are at least three ways to keep our health.

firstly,I should set up early and go to bed early.many people sleep less than eight hours,i think it is very bad to their health.

secondly,I should have more vegetable,because it contain much nutriment.many people don't like have vegetable,they only have meats.it is very bad.because meats contain many fat,if you often have a meat,you will gain your weight.

thirdly,we should do exercise regularly.and we should do exercise every day.we had better keep 10 hours's exercise every week.

you know,our body is developping fast.if we fail it,our body can't develop very well.

2)克服对身体有害的坏习惯

i think there are at least two bad habits to affect our health.

firstly,many people often smoke.you know it is very harmful to our health.if you often smoke,which cause some diseases including lung cancer and heart disease. secondly,we often drink.you

harmful to our health.but I don't object to our drinking.yor know

if we drink properly,which don't affect our health.but if you drink too much,which cause many diseases.

3)如何保持长寿 nowadays,more

have lived the world for more 100 years.why do many people live long?

I think there are at least three reason to explain the phenomenon.

firstly,many old man have many vegetables.and they seldom have meats.because vegetables contain much nutriment.you know if you have meats more,which enbale you gain weight.fatness can bring many disease,such as heart disease and high blood pressure.

secondly,many old man do exercise regularly.and they know if they do exercise every day.which can improve their health.

thirdly, they set up early and go to bed early. many oldman know sleep more than eight hours,which is very good to their health.

4)农民和城市人的健康比较

you know,many people in the city have to go to health club.,because working pressure is very heavy,and city pollution is very large,they had better improve their health through exercise in the club.why do many people in the field keep health without exercise?

I think there are at least three reason to explain the phenomenon. firstly,they can breathe fresh air,and it is very good to people's health. secondly,everything is quiet.they enjoy life . thirdly,people can do exercise in the daily work.

5)有关失眠

I can find that more don't fall sleep at night.I think there are at least three reason to explain the phenomenon.

firstly,life pressure become more and more heavy.many people have to work more at the daytime.they don't fall sleep at night,because they think of many things that occur at the daytime.

secondly,many people like watching TV programme.and many programme will be show at the midnight.because they often go to bed late for watching tv programme.if you often do,your sleep clock will be disturbed.

thirdly,many people think it is not important to keep sleep.they think sleeping is wast of time.they feel that they should spend a large amounts of time to study or work.if you often do,your sleep clock will be distrubed,too.

二：social relations

PARTA PARTB PARTC

1)关于父母应该以身作则现象

you can find many childen do something wrong,and their parents scold them.but some parent also do something wrong in front of children.and they don't criticize themselves.I think every parents should set a good example.why should parents set a good example ?I think there are at least one reason.

according to children,they live with their parents in most of time in their childhood.parents are a example,children will imate their parent's behavior.for example,I have neighbour,he is thirteen.and at that time,when they were smoking at the washing room,his mother found them.they scold him severely.but ,they don't know about why their son can smoke.you know their parents smoke every day ,and they can comsumes more one packet one day.I think If I were at their home,I also smoke.

2)关于不舍己救人

a man is laying the ground.and you can find that nobody care about him.you only see some foreigner take him to hospital.why don't people save the man?

I think there are at least one reason to explain the phenomenon.

Pace of live is more and more fast,and many people have to strive for their living.they have no time and no energy to do it.

but,I think it is very bad,we should have a heritage chinese traditional virtue.though pace of live is very fast,we should still act as a good citizen.

to my pleasure,nowadays,many people donate their food or clothes to help poor people.you can find that many people take much energy and time to charity to donate something to help poor people.

specially,when there are natural disaster in china,you can alway see many people donating money or clothing to the people in the stricken area.

3)关于友谊

the picture show two friends talking with each other.I think friendship is one of the most valuable things in the world.everyone may no brother or sisters,even no relatives,but we must have some friends. I think we shoudl know about some things when we decides to make a friend.

firstly,good friends should be frank with each other.a person is not a true friends if he only tries to please you. secondly.if we have a optismic friend and he can help you ,and enable you optismismic.

thridly,if we meet trouble things,and our friends help you.you can talk with your freinds about unpahhy things.they can enable you feel very happy .

but it is not easy to make a true friend.fortunately,I have some true friends.I feel I talk with my true friend by mind,not by mouth.

口试主题——jobs,occupation and current affairs

PARTA PARTB PARTC

1)想当老师

I will become a teacher in the future.because it is a noble profession.I can teach student,and

much knowledge.I know taching is very challenging profession.becuase i am a timid

boy.If I can see many students looking at me,I feel very unconfortable very much.but I believe I can overcome the problem.

2)想当软件工程师

I will become a software developer.

I have been studying computer for three years.I have passed ncre-2 exam,and I take ncre-2 certificate.ncre is a national computer exam. 2-level is to test you programme ability.I took aprt in c.language. of course,there are many subjects in the ncre-2,including vb.c++,and java.I am going to take part in ncre-3 next year.there are many subjects in the ncre-3,including network technology,and pc technology.I decide to take part in the network

technology,because network is very popular in recent years.of course,if you only passed national computer exam is not enoguh.I should take part in international computer such as microsoft exam.

3)北京申办奥运会

everybody knows that beijing is going to host 2008 olympics.I remember when i was watching tv,as soon as I listen to the news,I am very exciting.threfore,I go out home,call phone my friends,and I appointed with them at 10:00 pm at the restaurant.I am very crazy at that time.a lot of people went to the people square that day.I can many young people were kissing each other.

4)奥运会引起的学习英语热

i think many citizen begin to study english,especially service line,such as taxi drivers,public transportation service,and shop assistant. In the bookstores ,you will have to wait in a long line if you want to buy a english edition books.

5)歧视妇女

there are many woman .many interviers don't like woman,and don't hire women.there are at least two reasons to explain the phenomenon.

firstly,according to chinese traditional culture,woman stay at home and they do housework,and their husband go to work every day and make money.

secondly,men think that they have absolute power. women should listern to them.women should care about

baby,and bring up them,enable them grow up.

recently one of my friends has been looking for a job,but because she is a female,shi can't get the chance for an inteview.

nowadays, women get equal chances of education with men,and many women have high degrees and excelllent academic recordI think they should get a good job.

6)面试求职

A:More and more people are having a job interview.if you want to pass interview ,I think there are at least four point that you have to think of.

firstly, you should know about the company,such as main business,organization structure and company culture. secondly,you should tell them that you have abundant work experience.you did it before.

thirdly,you should carefully pick up you clothes.it is very important to show you appearance in front of them.although we shouldn't judge people with their appearance.

last,you should a test before the interview. No interviewer like an interfviewee who look weary and exhausted.

B:Job interview is an important part of job search,because the attitude and impression can make the interview accept you or refuse you.I think at the interview period,you should not exagerate the truth and be honest,and you should also show thay you have confidence to do the job

7关于再就业

A:with the future development of our economic reform,many people have to lose their job.

some people need care for their old parents and theirs young chuldren,but they don't have enough money. our government take some measure to help them.

in order to help these jobless people,the government set a reremlpyment project.and many reemployment service centers are set up.these center provide job-oriented training programs,such as computer classes or other special skills.many people are taking job trainings and gaining self-confidence again.som of them have already started new jobs.

B:every coins has two sides.technology made many worker jobless.but at the same time ,it creats new opportunity for many people.the government set up many reemployment service centers to help the people to get job.

8)领导的眼睛

in the picture,there is a fat leader sitting in front of his desk.a note for 1000000 yuan blocks his eyes.and he smiles with pleasure.

in their eyes,money is everything.they care nothing but money.our country and people trust them.but they only try make money for themselves.

I think our government should make more meeasure to prevent the events. firstly,if leader do it ,they should be punished severely by laws.

secondly,government should offer hot line,if leaders do something wrong,people should tell goverenment through hot line.

thirdly,government

prosperious,rich,and strong.

口试主题——holiday,travel,and services

PARTA PARTB PARTC

,and tell them their duty to lead people to build country thriving and

1)7天长假好

some people can use the seven dyas reading books or studying,and you know when they are working,they don't have time to do it.

7天长假不好

since most people don't have other vacation time,everybody is travelling during the week-long holidays.so at the beginning and the end of the holidays,place such like airports,train station,long-distance bus station are often over-crowd.

for example,in last labor day holiday i went to beach.i want to enjoy the beauty of

was

planing swim.but when I reached the long-distance bus station,i found that people were everywhere.I swore I would never go travelling in a week-long holiday again.

2)喜欢去风景区旅游

I prefer natural sceneries. Mountain everything is quiet.I enjoy it.

If we have unhappied thing ,I will go there.becuase it is quieter .I can concentrate on thinking for working out these difficult problem.

喜欢去名胜古迹旅游

we like to go historical sites.china has a history of 5000 years.there are many historical sites in my country.I can visit them.visiting them can help me to learn china history.

3)关于旅游住宿

If I am going to another city on a business trip.I'd like to stay in an upscale hotel.the service is very good.if our client come to meet me,they don't look down upon my company.

if I am going to a big city.I will choose a medium-priced hotel.in big cities,public situationis not very good.the most important things is safety.upscale hotels are the safest,because their securty service is the best.but it is very expensive to live in an upscale one if I pay by myself.so I will choose a medium-prices one.

. they are very beautiful and very nice.and

if I go to small cities.I will choose guesthouse. firstly,guesthouse is very clean.

secondly,it is very quite safe living in those guesthouse,because you actually live together woth the family. thirdly,the service is very friendly.the landlord and landlady treat you as if you were their families members.

4)关于过年，不喜欢过年

everybody is visiting relative and buy goods for celebrating spring festival.

during the spring festival.especially at the beginning and the end of the spring festivals,place such like airports,train station,long-distance bus station are often over-crowd.

for example,during the spring festival period, I went to nanjing road.i want to buy some goods.but when I reached there,i found that people were everywhere.I swore I would never go shopping in a spring festival again.

5)关于过西方节日

The picture shows many young people celebrate valentine's day.

in recent years more and more people have begun to celebrate western holiday. for example,

on valentine;s day many young people will send rose to theirs girlfriend and take girlfriend to go to romantic dinner.the girl will buy their boyfriend chocolate.

on april fool's day many office worker and university students will fool each other or play tricks in collegeues or schoolmate.

on christmas eve,some young people will go yo church.

these celebtration show the influence of western cultures,especially american culture.

but more and more people are celebrating western holidays,there are less people celebrating traditional chinese holidays,such as mid-autumn festival,.Ifeel very sad.all the traditional festival have their significance in the chinese history.I think we should not forget our own festival.

6)喜欢一个人出去旅游

I like to travel alone.there are at least four reason to explain my opinion.

firstly,I can make a decision.you know,when we travel with many friends,it is very hard to decide where to eat,what to see first.

secondly,it is very hard to book rooms and tickets at the same time,especially when you travelling during the long holidays.

thirdly,why do we want to travel?because we want to know about other places and how other people live their life.so ,when I am alone,It is very easy to talk to and make friends with the local people.

fourthly,I can have more freedom when i am travelling alone.that means ,if I personally like one place,I can just longer.but if i am travelling with friend,it is very difficult,since different people have different view.

7)医生收红包现象

the doctor wants to know whether the patient has enough money to pay for the treatment.

you often see the phenomenon from newspaperand radio or on tv.hopsital or patient refuse to treat patient because he or she doesn't have enough money

doctors or nurses used to be called\"white angels\money.they don't forget about their professional morals.doctors is a noble profession.I hope doctors or nurses will realize they have done wrong.

our government should take some measure to provent the phenomenon.

for example,we should make severe law,if doctors or nurses only pay attention to money,they should be punished severely by law.

and,our government should offer hot line,if leaders do something wrong,people should tell goverenment through hot line.

and,government should educate doctor,and tell them their duty to save patients.

8)长假好不好

there are more and more people enjoying the long-week holidays.I think it is very good to us to have a long-week holidays.there are at least two reason to explain my opinion.

firstly,ome people can use the seven dyas reading books or studying,and you know when they are working,they don't have time to do it.

secondly,you can visit your friend,because you are busy every day ,you don't have any time to visit your friend. but,every coins has two sides.since most people don't have other vacation time,everybody is travelling during the week-long holidays.so at the beginning and the end of the holidays,place such like airports,train station,long-distance bus station are often over-crowd.

for example,in last labor day holiday i went to beach.i want to enjoy the beauty of was planing swim.but when I reached the long-distance bus station,i found that people were everywhere.I swore I would never go travelling in a week-long holiday again.

第一部分高分策略

PETS三级为PETS5个级别中的中间级，其标准相当于我国高中毕业生在大专院校又学了两年公共英语或自学了同等程度英语课程的水平。通过该级考试的考生，其英单位行政秘书，经理助理，一般管理人员或科技人员以及外企职员工作的需要。那么，我们怎样才能尽快达到这样的水准呢？有没有一些策略或技巧让我们如虎添翼？

在本书的第一部分，我们将介绍PETS三级考试的内容和结构、考试中出现的指导语、试卷评阅，考试成绩的适用范围等与PETS三级考试有关的问题，研究其各种题型及命题规律，针对PETS三级特点，为考生制定一套详尽的备考策略。

第一章透视PETS 3

一、口试的内容与结构

口试分A、B、C三节，测试考生用英语进行口头交际的能力。考试时间为10分钟。

每次口试采取两名口试教师和两名考生的形式。一名口试教师不参与交谈，专事评分；另一名主持口试，随时与考生交谈并评分。专事评分的教师所给分数的权重占考生口试成绩的三分之二，主持口试的教师所给分数的权重占考生口试成绩的三分之一。

A节：考查考生提供个人信息、回答有关他们日常生活、家乡、家庭、工作、学习等问题的能力。约需3分钟时间。 B节：考查考生就信息卡上的图片或文字讨论有关问题的能力。约需3分钟时间。

C节：要求考生就信息卡上的图片或文字作简短描述，之后另一考生就同一话题阐述个

人观点。约需4分钟时间。

二、笔试的内容与结构

（一）听力

该部分由A、B两节组成，考查考生理解英语口语的能力。

A节（10题）：考查考生。要求考生根据所听到的10段简短对话（总长约400词，总持续时

间约3'30\"），从每题所给的4个选择项中选出最佳选项。每题有15秒答题时间 (5秒用作听前读题，10秒用作听后答题）。

B节（15题）：考查考生理解总体和特定信息的能力。要求考生根据所听到的4段对话或独白(每段平均约200词，持续1'40\"－2'10\"，总长约800词，持续8'30\")，从每题所给的4个选择项中选出最佳选项。每题有20秒答题时间（5秒用作听前读题，10秒用作听后答题。每篇对话或独白的听前读题和听后答题时间，都按题数累计给出）。每段录音材料只播放一遍。问题不在录音中播放，仅在试卷上印出。

听力考试进行时，考生将答案标在试卷上；听力部分结束后，考生有三分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡1上。该部分所需时间约为25分钟（含转涂时间）。

（二）英语知识运用

该部分考查考生对语法结构、词汇知识和表达方式的掌握情况。

共20小题。在一篇200－250词的短文中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题所给的4个选择项中选出

的短文意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。其中有13－15道题考查词汇和表达方式，5－7道题

考查语法结构。

该部分所需时间约为15分钟。考生在答题卡1上作答。

（三）阅读理解

该部分由A、B两节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。

A节(15题)：考查考生理解总体和求考生根据所提供的3篇文章的内容（平均长度为350词左右）从每题所给的4个选择项中选出最佳选项。

B节（5题）：考查考生理解文章（约长350词）的主旨要义的能力。考生须从七个选项中排除两个干扰项，将正确的概述与五段文字逐一搭配成对。

该部分所需时间约为40分钟。考生在答题卡1上作答。

（四）写作

该部分由A、B两节组成，考查考生的书面表达能力。

A节：考生根据所给情景（英/中文）写出约100词（不计算标点符号）的简单信件、便笺等。

B节：考生根据所给情景，写出一篇不少于120词（不计算标点符号）的文章。提供情景的形式有图画、图表、文字等。

该部分所需时间约为40分钟。考生在答题卡2上作答。

三、考试的指导语

笔试试卷和口试试卷都使用英文指导语。写作题中所提供的指导性材料可能会涉及到少量的中文。

四、答题的时间

考试时间

听力英语知识运用阅读理解写作 25 / 15 / 40 / 40 笔试总计 120 口试总计 10

六、试卷评阅与成绩合格证书

PETS考试采用二级管理体制。教育部考试中心负责指定各级考试大纲，命题和试卷等值，考务管理和考生成绩认定，省级实施机构的审批等；省、市教育部门领导下的考试机构或有关单位负责具体实施。

任何考生只要参加PETS考试第三级考试的笔试或口试，均能得到有关的成绩通知书。考生的单项（笔试或口试）合格成绩将允许保留到下一考次。在同一考试或相邻两次考试中，相同级别的口试和笔试成绩均合格的考生，由教育部考试中心核发相应级别的〈全国英语等级考试合格证书〉。在一次考试照顾内没有获得全国英语等级考试合格证书而单项考试成绩合格的考生，将获得由教育部考试中心核发的相应合格项目的单项成绩合格证（指〈全国英语等级考试笔试合格证〉或〈全国英语等级考试口试成绩合格证〉）。

笔试成绩是听力、英语知识运用、分原始得分的总和，考生成绩60分以上（含60分）为合格。

口试成绩单独计算，不列入笔试总分。PETS第三级的口试采用5分制评分，3分以上（含3分）为合格。对PETS第三级而言，口语并非必考。这主要取决于用人单位以及考生的需求。

七、考试成绩的适用范围

PETS三级是PETS考试级别中的中间级，其考试要求相当于我国普通高中毕业后在大专院校又学习了两年公共英语或自学了同等程度英语课程的水平。

PETS三级考试正在逐步替代高等教育自学考试中的专科的公共英语考试。PETS三级考试的成绩

取部门或用人单位自行决定。

第二章题型解读与高分策略

第一节听力理解

一、命题规律与高分对策

三级听力部分在100分的原始分中就占20分, 而其加权占了30%, 可见PETS对听力的重视。三级的听力理解部分由A（10段简短对话，4选1）和B（4段对话或独白，4选1）部分组成，考查考生理解英语口语的能力。A节考查考生理解事实性信息的能力，而B节考查考生理解总体和特定信息的能力。要系统复习听力首先从功能意念开始，包括友好往来、交流补救、态度、情感、影响生活话语、时间表达、空间意念和比较关系等。从听力信息上讲，应当学会理解主旨要义、获取事实性具体信息、理解明确表达的概念性含义、进行有关的判断、推理和引申、理解说话者的意图、观点或态度等。要在听力部分得到高分，平时的训练技巧和考试的良好发挥都是不容忽视的。

依据图式理论，在语言的理解中，信息的接受者运用语言知识来分析、整合话语时采用自下而上（bottom-up）的加工模式，相反在运用非语言知识时采用的却是自上而下(top-down)的方式。听解中，前者对听解起制约性的关键作用，后者在听解中起辅助的作用。由此，我们可以得出结论，语言知识和非语言知识在听解中有着各自的作用，绝不能因顾此而失彼，听能的培养当中，只注重侧重语言知识或是片面地强调熟能生巧都会事倍功半甚至是徒劳无功的。学习者在平时的自主学习当中，也要从这两方面入手，着力提高语言知识水平，提高学习者利用非语言知识分析、归纳获取语言信息的能力。

(一)平时训练技巧

1.跟读标准的英语

众所周知，英语听说不分家。口语提高了，听力自然也会提高。因此，可借助录音机或复读机跟读标准的的英语，这样能强化语音语调，，自然适应和习得地道的发音规则，如失去爆破、连读、弱读等等；跟读还能培养语感,增强记忆。

2.多听合适的听力材料

合适的听力材料包括：一、各种考试真题和模拟题的录音带；二、英美访谈类节目；三、大学英语一、二年级的教材，等等。总之，听力材料应根据个人水平选择，把握循序渐进的原则。选材不宜太难，也不宜太易。

3.多进行速记和记忆方面的训练

听力考试要求考生在很短的时间内记住听到的重要信息，这需要很强的短期记忆能力。为加强短期记忆，考生可掌握一些速记的方法。比如利用缩略词、符号、首字母等记下重要的数字、时间、地点、中心词等。

4.全面提高自身英语各方面的水平

提高英语听力的水平单靠\"听\"是不能解决问题的, 个人的听力水平的高低与其掌握的词汇量、对语法结构的

理解能力甚至阅读速度等都密切相关。因此，学生应注意全面提升自己听说读写的能力，尤其

是语法和词汇量方面的积累。

第一部分 PETS 语法辅导：倒装句型

一、倒装句之全部倒装

全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：

1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。

There goes the bell.

Then came the chairman. Here is your letter.

2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。

Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.

Ahead sat an old woman.

注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：Here he comes. Away they went.

二、倒装句之部分倒装

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。

1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。

Never have I seen such a performance.

Nowhere will you find the . Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。

注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。

I have never seen such a performance.

The mother didn‟t leave the room until the child fell asleep.

典型例题

1) Why can‟t I smoke here? At no time___ in the meeting-room A. is smoking permittedB. smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit 答案. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.

2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is. A. man did know B. man know C. didn‟t man know D. did man know 答案. 看到Not until…的句型，我们在C，D 中选一个。改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。

三、以否定词开头作部分倒装

如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than

Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.

典型例题

No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.

A. the game began B. has the game begun C. did the game begin D. had the game begun

答案. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。

注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。

Not only you but also I am fond of music.

四、so, neither, nor作部分倒装

表示\"也\"、\"也不\" 的句子要部分倒装。

Tom can speak French. So can Jack. If you won‟t go, neither will I.

典型例题

---Do you know Jim quarrelled ? ---I don‟t know, _____.

A. nor don‟t I careB. nor do I careC. I don‟t care neitherD. I don‟t care also

答案：. nor为增补意思\"也不关心\"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don‟t 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。

注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内可用倒装结构。意为\"的确如此\"。

Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.

---It‟s raining hard. ---So it is.

五、only在句首要倒装的情况

Only in this way, can you learn English well.

Only after being asked three times meeting.

如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装

Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.

六、as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。

注意：

1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。

2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

Try hard as he will, he never seems satisfactorily.

注意:

让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。

七、其他部分倒装

1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：

May you all be happy.

3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。

Were I you, I would try it again.

典型例题：

1） Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is A. man did know B. man knew C. didn‟t man know D. did man know

答案为. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。

2） Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted. A. didn‟t I realizeB. did I realizeC. I didn‟t realize D. I realize 答案为。

3) Do you know Tom bought a new car? I don‟t know, ___.

A. nor don‟t I care B. nor do I care

C. I don‟t care neither D. I don‟t care also

解析：答案为. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示\"也不\"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。

第二部分 PETS 语法辅导：主谓一致

主谓一致是指：

1）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。

2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的复数形式一致。 3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语。

一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。 There is much water in the thermos.

但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

一、并列结构作主语时谓语用复数

Reading and writing are very important. 注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.

典型例题

The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were

答案. 注：先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C.。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别， monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个

的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。

二、主谓一致中的靠近原则

1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..

There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。 Either you or she is to go.

Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

三、谓语动词与前面的主语一致

当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。

The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wants to go boating.

四、谓语需用单数

1）代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。 Each of us has a tape-recorder.

There is something wrong with my watch.

2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. <<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。

3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复

数也可，意思不变。)

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. Ten yuan is enough.

五、指代意义决定谓语的单复数

1）在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。 All is right. (一切顺利。)

All are present.(所有人都到齐了。)

2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。 His family isn‟t very large.他家不是一个大家庭。

His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。

但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。 Are there any police around?

3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。 A number of +名词复数+复数动词。 The number of +名词复数+单数动词。 A number of books have lent out. The majority of the

六、与后接名词或代词保持一致

1）用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。 Most of his money is spent on books.

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.

2）在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。 Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。

More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。

第三部分

PETS 语法辅导：独立主格一、独立主格介绍

（一）：独立主格结构的构成：

名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。

（二）独立主格结构的特点：

1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例：

The test finished, we began our holiday.

= When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.

= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。

The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。

He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆

二、With的复合结构作独立主格

表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。

with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语

举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.

典型例题

The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tiedC. to be tiedD. tied

答案. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词\"手\"与分词\"绑\"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.

三、注意事项:

1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：

当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制：

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。

2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

典型例题：

Weather___, we‟ll go out for a walk.

A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting

答案. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为‟天气允许‟，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。

如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If , we‟ll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

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