2016年6月大学英语六级第2套真题及答案解析

特别说明：2016 年 6 月大学英语六级试卷的三套试题有重叠部分,本试卷〔第二套〕只列出与第一、第三套不重复的试题.具体重叠部分：本卷所有听力题与第一套试卷有重复,本试卷不再列出.

Part I Writing <30 minutes>

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on e-learning. Try to imagine what will happen when more and more people study online instead of attending school. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Directions:

Part III Reading comprehension <40 minutes> Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

The robotics revolution is set to bring humans face to face with an old fear—man-made creations as smart and capable as we are but without a moral compass. As robots take on ever more complex roles, the question naturally 26 : Who will be responsible when they do something wrong? Manufacturers? Users? Software writers? The answer depends on the robot.

Robots already save us time, money and energy. In the future, they will improve our health care, social welfare and standard of living. The 27 of computational power and engineering advances will 28 enable lower-cost in- home care for the disabled, 29 use of driverless cars that may reduce drunk- and distracted-driving accidents and countless home and service-industry uses for robots, from street cleaning to food preparation.

But there are 30 to be problems. Robot cars will crash. A drone < 遥控飞行器 > operator will 31 someone’s privacy. A robotic lawn mower will run over a neighbor’s cat. Juries sympathetic to the 32 of machines will punish entrepreneurs with company-crushing 33 and damages. What should governments do to protect people while 34 space for innovation?

Big, complicated systems on which much public safety depends, like driverless cars, should be built, 35 and sold by manufacturers who take responsibility for ensuring safety and are liable for accidents. Governments should set safety requirements and then let insurers price the risk of the robots based on the manufacturer’s driving record, not the passenger’s. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答.

A> arises B> ascends C> bound D> combination E> definite F> eventually G> interfere H> invade I> manifesting J> penalties K> preserving L> programmed M> proximately N> victims O> widespread Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.

Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

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Reform and Medical Costs

[A] Americans are deeply concerned about the relentless rise in health care costs and health insurance premiums. They need to know if reform will help solve the problem. The answer is that no one has an easy fix for rising medical costs. The fundamental fix—reshaping how care is delivered and how doctors are paid in a wasteful, abnormal system—is likely to be achieved only through trial and error and incremental < 渐进的 > gains.

[B] The good news is that a bill just approved by the House and a bill approved by the Senate Finance Committee would implement or test many reforms that should help slow the rise in medical costs over the long term. As a report in The New England Journal of Medicine concluded, \"Pretty much every proposed innovation found in the health policy Iiterature these days is contained in these measures.\"

[C] Medical spending, which typically rises faster than wages and the overall economy, is propelled by two things: the high prices charged for medical services in this country and the volume of unnecessary care delivered by doctors and hospitals, which often perform a lot more tests and treatments than a patient really needs.

[D] Here are some of the important proposals in the House and Senate bills to try to address those problems, and why it is hard to know how well they will work.

[E] Both bills would reduce the rate of growth in annual Medicare payments to hospitals, nursing homes and other providers by amounts comparable to the productivity savings routinely made in other industries with the help of new technologies and new ways to organize work. This proposal could save Medicare more than $100 billion over the next decade. If private plans demanded similar productivity savings from providers, and refused to let providers shift additional costs to them, the savings could be much larger. Critics say Congress will give in to lobbyists and let inefficient providers off the hook <放过>. That is far less likely to happen if Congress also adopts strong \"pay-go\"rules requiring that any increase in payments to providers be offset by new taxes or budget cuts.

[F] The Senate Finance bill would impose an excise tax < 消费税 > on health insurance plans that cost more than $8,000 for an individual or $21,000 for a family. It would most likely cause insurers to redesign plans to fall beneath the threshold. Enrollees would have to pay more money for many services out of their own pockets, and that would encourage them to think twice about whether an expensive or redundant test was worth it. Economists project that most employers would shift money from expensive health benefits into wages, The House bill has no similar tax. The final legislation should.

[G] Any doctor who has wrestled with multiple forms from different insurers, or patients who have tried to understand their own parade of statements, know that simplification ought to save money. When the health insurance industry was still cooperating in reform efforts, its trade group offered to provide standardized forms for automated processing. It estimated that step would save hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade. The bills would lock that pledge into law. [H] The stimulus package provided money to convert the inefficient, paper-driven medical system to electronic records that can be easily viewed and transmitted. This requires open investments to help doctors convert. In time it should help restrain costs by eliminating redundant tests, preventing drug interactions, and helping doctors find the best treatments.

[I] Virtually all experts agree that the fee-for-service system—doctors are rewarded for the quantity of care rather than its quality or effectiveness—is a primary reason that the cost of care is

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so high. Most agree that the solution is to push doctors to accept fixed payments to care for a particular illness or for a patient’s needs over a year. No one knows how to make that happen quickly. The bills in both houses would start pilot projects within Medicare. They include such measures as accountable care organizations to take charge of a patient’s needs with an eye on both cost and quality, and chronic disease management to make sure the seriously ill, who are responsible for the bulk of all health care costs, are treated properly. For the most part, these experiments rely on incentive payments to get doctors to try them.

[J] Testing innovations do no good unless the good experiments are identified and expanded and the bad ones are dropped. The Senate bill would create an independent commission to monitor the pilot programs and recommend changes in Medicare’s payment policies to urge providers to adopt reforms that work. The changes would have to be approved or rejected as a whole by Congress, making it hard for narrow-interest lobbies to bend lawmakers to their will.

[K] The bills in both chambers would create health insurance exchanges on which small businesses and individuals could choose from an array of private plans and possibly a public option. All the plans would have to provide standard benefit packages that would be easy to compare. To get access to millions of new customers, insurers would have a strong incentive to sell on the exchange. And the head-to-head competition might give them a strong incentive to lower their prices, perhaps by accepting slimmer profit margins or demanding better deals from providers.

[L] The final legislation might throw a public plan into the competition, but thanks to the fierce opposition of the insurance industry and Republican critics, it might not save much money. The one in the House bill would have to negotiate rates with providers, rather than using Medicare rates, as many reformers wanted.

[M] The president’s stimulus package is pumping money into research to compare how well various treatments work. Is surgery, radiation or careful monitoring best for prostate < 前列腺 > cancer? Is the latest and most expensive cholesterol-lowering drug any better than its common competitors? The pending bills would spend additional money to accelerate this effort.

[N] Critics have charged that this sensible idea would lead to rationing of care. As a result, the bills do not require, as they should, that the results of these studies be used to set payment rates in Medicare.

[O] Congress needs to find the courage to allow Medicare to pay preferentially for treatments proven to be superior.Sometimes the best treatment might be the most expensive. But overall, we suspect that spending would come down through elimination of a lot of unnecessary or even dangerous tests and treatments.

[P] The House bill would authorize the secretary of health and human services to negotiate drug prices in Medicare and Medicaid. Some authoritative analysts doubt that the secretary would get better deals than private insurers already get. We believe negotiation could work. It does in other countries.

[Q] Missing from these bills is any serious attempt to rein in malpractice costs. Malpractice awards do drive up insurance premiums for doctors in high-risk specialties, and there is some evidence that doctors engage in \"defensive medicine\" by performing tests and treatments primarily to prove they are not negligent should they get sued. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答.

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36. With a tax imposed on expensive health insurance plans, most employers will likely transfer money from health expenses into wages.

37. Changes in policy would be approved or rejected as a whole so that lobbyists would find it hard to influence lawmakers.

38. It is not easy to curb the rising medical costs in America.

39. Standardization of forms for automatic processing will save a lot of medical expenses.

40. Republicans and the insurance industry are strongly opposed to the creation of a public insurance plan.

41. Conversion of paper to electronic medical records will help eliminate redundant tests and prevent drug interactions.

42. The high cost of medical services and unnecessary tests and treatments have driven up medical expenses.

43. One main factor that has driven up medical expenses is that doctors are compensated for the amount of care rather than its effect.

44. Contrary to analysts’ doubts, the author believes drug prices may be lowered through negotiation.

45. Fair competition might create a strong incentive for insurers to charge less. Section C

Directions: There are two passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A>, B>, C> and D>.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

Facing water shortages and escalating fertilizer costs, farmers in developing countries are using raw sewage < 下水道污水 > to irrigate and fertilize nearly 49 million acres of cropland, according to a new report—and it may not be a bad thing.

While the practice carries serious health risks for many, those dangers are outweighed by the social and economic gains for poor urban farmers and consumers who need affordable food.

\"There is a large potential for wastewater agriculture to both help and hurt great numbers of urban consumers,\" said Liqa Raschid-Sally, who led the study.

The report focused on poor urban areas, where farms in or near cities supply relatively inexpensive food. Most of these operations draw irrigation water from local rivers or lakes. Unlike developed cities, however, these areas lack advanced water-treatment facilities, and rivers effectively become sewers < 下水道 >.

When this water is used for agricultural irrigation, farmers risk absorbing disease-causing becteria, as do consumers who eat the produce raw and unwashed. Nearly 2.2 million people die a year because of diarrhea-related < 与腹泻相关的 > diseases, according to WHO statistics. More than 80% of those cases can be attributed to contact with contaminated water and a lack of proper sanitation. But Pay Drechsel, an environmental scientist, argues that the social and economic benefits of using untreated human waste to grow food outweigh the health risks.

Those dangers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education, he said, while the free water and nutrients from human waste can help urban farmers in developing countries to escape poverty. Agriculture is a water-intensive business, accounting for nearly 70% of global fresh water

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consumption.

In poor, dry regions, untreated wastewater is the only viable irrigation source to keep farmers in business. In some cases, water is so scarce that farmers break open sewage pipes transporting waste to local rivers. Irrigation is the primary agricultural use of human waste in the developing world. But frequently untreated human waste harvested from lavatories is delivered to farms and spread as fertilizer.

In most cases, the human waste is used on grain crops, which are eventually cooked, minimizing the risk of transmitting water-borne diseases. With fertilizer prices jumping nearly 50% per metric ton over the last year in some places, human waste is an attractive, and often necessary, alternative.

In cases where sewage mud is used, expensive chemical fertilizer use can be avoided. The mud contains the same critical nutrients.

\"Overly strict standards often fail,\" James Bartram, a WHO water-health expert, said. \"We need to accept that fact across much of the planet, so waste with little or no treatment will be used in agriculture for good reason.\"

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答.

46. What does the author say about the use of raw sewage for farming? A> Its risks cannot be overestimated. B> It should be forbidden altogether.

C> Its benefits outweigh the hazards involved. D> It is polluting millions of acres of cropland. 47. What is the main problem caused by the use of wastewater for irrigation? A> Rivers and lakes nearby will gradually become contaminated. B> It will drive producers of chemical fertilizers out of business. C> Farmers and consumers may be affected by harmful bacteria. D> It will make the farm produce less competitive on the market.

48. What is environmental scientist Pay Drechsel’s attitude towards the use of untreated human waste in agriculture?

A> Favorable. B> Skeptical. C> Indifferent. D> Responsible.

49. What does Pay Dreschsel think of the risks involved in using untreated human waste for farming?

A> They have been somewhat exaggerated. B> They can be dealt with through education. C> They will be minimized with new technology. D> They can be addressed by improved sanitation.

50. What do we learn about James Bartram’s position on the use of human waste for farming? A> He echoes Pay Drechsel’s opinion on the issue. B> He challenges Liqa Raschid-Sally’s conclusion

C> He thinks it the only way out of the current food crisis. D> He deems it indispensable for combating global poverty. Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

These days, nobody needs to cook. Families graze on high-cholesterol take-aways and microwaved ready-meals. Cooking is an occasional hobby and a vehicle for celebrity chefs. Which makes it odd that the kitchen has become the heart of the modern house: what the great hall was to the medieval castle, the kitchen is to the 21st-century home.

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The money spent on kitchens has risen with their status. In America the kitchen market is now worth $170 billion, 5 times the country’s film industry. In the year to August 2007, IKEA, a Swedish furniture chain, sold over one million kitchens worldwide. The average budget for a \"major\" kitchen overhaul in 2006, calculates Remodeling magazine, was a staggering $,000; even a \"minor\" improvement cost on average $18,000.

.Exclusivity, more familiar in the world of high fashion, has reached the kitchen: Robinson & Cornish, a British manufacturer of custom-made kitchens, offers a Georgian-style one which would cost £145,000–155,000— excluding building, plumbing and electrical work. Its big selling point is that nobody else will have it: \"You won’t see this kitchen anywhere else in the world.\" The elevation of the room that once belonged only to the servants to that of design showcase for the modern family tells the story of a century of social change. Right into the early 20th century, kitchens were smoky, noisy places, generally located underground, or to the back of the house, and as far from living space as possible. That was as it should be: kitchens were for servants, and the aspiring middle classes wanted nothing to do with them.

But as the working classes prospered and the servant shortage set in, housekeeping became a matter of interest to the educated classes. One of the pioneers of a radical new way of thinking about the kitchen was Catharine Esther Beecher, sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe. In American Woman’s Home, published in 1869, the Beecher sisters recommended a scientific approach to household management, designed to enhance the efficiency of a woman’s work and promote order. Many contemporary ideas about kitchen design can be traced back to another American, Christine Frederick, who set about enhancing the efficiency of the housewife. Her 1919 work, Household Engineering: Scientific Management in the Home, was based on detailed observation of a housewife’s daily routine. She borrowed the principle of efficiency on the factory floor and applied it to domestic tasks on the kitchen floor.

Frederick’s central idea, that \"stove, sink and kitchen table must be placed in such a relation that useless steps are avoided entirely,\" inspired the first fully fitted kitchen, designed in the 1920s by Margarete Schütter-Lihotsky. It was a modernist triumph, and many elements remain central features of today’s kitchen.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答.

51. What does the author say about the kitchen of today? A> It is where housewives display their cooking skills. B> It is where the family entertains important guests. C> It has become something odd in a modern house. D> It is regarded as the center of a modern home.

52. Why does the Georgian-style kitchen sell at a very high price? A> It is believed to have tremendous artistic value. B> No duplicate is to be found in any other place. C> It is manufactured by a famous British company. D> No other manufacturer can produce anything like it. 53. What does the change in the status of the kitchen reflect? A> Improved living conditions. B> Women’s elevated status. C> Technological progress. D> Social change.

. What was the Beecher sisters’ idea of a kitchen? A> A place where women could work more efficiently.

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B> A place where high technology could be applied. C> A place of interest to the educated people. D> A place to experiment with new ideas. 55. What do we learn about today’s kitchen?

A> It represents the rapid technological advance in people’s daily life. B> Many of its central features are no different from those of the 1920s. C> It has been transformed beyond recognition. D> Many of its functions have changed greatly. Part Ⅳ Translation <30 minutes>

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should

write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

旗袍〔qipao〕是一种雅致的中国服装,源于中国的满族〔Manchu Nationality〕 .在清代,旗袍是王室 女性穿着的宽松长袍.上世纪 20 年代,受西方服饰影响,旗袍发生了一些变化.袖口〔cuffs〕变窄,袍 身变短.这些变化使女性美得以充分展现. 如今,旗袍经常出现在世界级的时装秀上.中国女性出席重要社交聚会时,旗袍往往是她们的首选. 很多中国新娘也会选择旗袍作为结婚礼服.一些有影响的人士甚至建议将旗袍作为中国女性的民族服饰. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答.

2016 年 6 月大学英语六级考试真题〔第二套〕解析

Part I Writing [参考范文]

Currently, on-line learning is booming all around the world as an increasing number of people prefer to use the Internet to take courses and acquire knowledge instead of attending school. E-learning provides many options in terms of time, location, subjects and costs. It can be predicted that students’ lives will absolutely and definitely be changed as e-learning becomes more and more popular in the future. Firstly, there is no doubt that online learning offers students more up-to-date knowledge, allowing them to keep up with the latest development in each field. Additionally, students can choose their learning location and time much more freely. Lastly, e-learners do not have to pay the expenses of transportation and accom- modation, so the cost of e-learning will be less than that of attending a traditional school. Consequently, that is the reason why a lot of people give up attending school in favor of e-learning. Although it is beneficial for students to choose online courses, the personal interaction between teachers and stu- dents in schools is irreplaceable. Therefore, we should combine attending school and e-learning together. Part III Reading comprehension <40 minutes> Section A

[文章大意]随着人工智能的发展,机器人在生活中扮演的角色日益重要,但同时也出现了很多问题,对此,制定安全措施以减少潜在危害. [考核技能]综合能力 [答案解析]

26. A> arises. 空格所在句是由 as 引导的状语从句, 从句是： As robots take on ever more complex roles, 主句是：the question naturally _____.主句缺谓语,故本空填动词,时态为现在时,选项中符合条件的动词有 ：arises〔升起,产生〕 , ascends〔登高,攀岩〕 ,结合句意应该选 A.本句大意为 ： 随着机器人扮演更复杂的角色,问题自然就会产生.

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27. D> combination.由 The _____of computational power and engineering advances 可知,此空为名词,选项中的名词有 ： combination〔结合〕 ,manifesting〔动名词,表明〕 , penalties 〔惩罚〕 ,victims〔受害人〕 ,其中 the combination of A and B 意为 ： A 和 B 的结合.根据原文 The combination of computational power and engineering advances〔计算能力和工程学进步的联合〕 ,combination 更符合题意,所以选 D.

28. F> eventually.本空位于 will 和动词原形 enable 之间,故此空为一副词,选项中的副词有： eventually〔最终地〕 ,proximately〔近似地〕 ,结合上下文应该选 F.本句意为 ： 计算能力和工程学进步的联合最终会使残疾人的家庭看护成本降低.

29. O> widespread.空格所在句的成分 _____ use of driverless cars 与其上文的 lower-cost in-home care 和其下文的 countless home and service-industry uses 构成并列关系,且都属于名词短语,故空格在此处修饰名词短语 use of driverless cars,选项中只有 widespread 符合题意,widespread use of driverless cars〔无人驾驶汽车的普遍使用〕 ,所以本题选 O.

30. C> bound.本题考查固定搭配.be bound to do/be sth. 意为 ： 一定会,很可能会.结合原文,But there are bound to be problems〔但是一定会产生问题〕 ,这种表达更符合题意,故选 C. 31. H> invade.空格所在句缺少动词,且在谓语 will 之后,故此空为动词原形,选项为动词原形的有 ：interfere〔干涉, 介入〕 , invade〔侵犯〕 , 结合原文, invade someone’s privacy〔侵犯某人的隐私〕表达正确,所以选 H.

32. N> victims.由 Juries sympathetic to the _____ of machines 可知此空为名词〔对机器的 _____ 深表同情的陪审团们〕 ,选项中可选的名词有： penalties〔惩罚〕 ,victims〔受害人〕 ,其中 the victims of machines〔机器的受害者〕符合上下文意,故选 N.

33. J> penalties.介词 with 之后跟名词性质的词或短语,且 crushing _____ 和 damages 构成并列关系,选项中 penalties〔罚款,刑罚〕符合,punish… with… 意为 ： 用……惩罚,本句意为 ： 对这些机器的受害者抱有同情心的陪审团将会对企业家处以足以使企业倒闭的罚金与赔偿金.所以选 J.

34. K> preserving.空格位于 while〔在……期间,与……同时〕之后,while 之后常跟 doing 非谓语结构省略句,结合上下文大意,K 项的 preserving 符合,即 What should government do to protect people while preserving space for innovation〔应该怎样做才能在为技术创新保留空间的同时保护公民呢〕 ,所以选 K.

35. L> programmed.根据所在句大意 ： 应该建立公共安全所依赖的大型复杂系统,以无人驾驶汽车为例,并由承担保证安全性和为事故负责的生产商建造、_____ 和售出.根据句意可知 programmed〔编程〕符合逻辑,故本题选 L. Section B

[话题分类]健康

[文章大意]美国日益高昂的医疗成本和医疗保险困扰着每位美国人,想要通过医疗改革解决这一问题需要经过不断的尝试.美国下议院和参议院均推出相关条令和改革方案试图改善目前的医疗状况.

[考核技能]综合能力

36. With a tax imposed on expensive health insurance plans, most employers will likely transfer money from healthexpense into wages. [正确答案]F

[答案解析]根据题干中的关键词 health insurance plans 和关键信息 transfer money from health expense into wages 可将答案定位至原文 F 段,该段首句提到 ： The Senate Finance bill would impose an excise tax on health insurance plans〔参议院财案将强制征收医疗保险的消费税〕 ,本段又提到 ： most employers would shift money from expensive health benefits

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into wages〔大部分雇员会将高昂的医疗花费转为工资〕 ,此段与本题大意相符,故选 F. 37. Changes in policy would be approved or rejected as a whole so that lobbyists would find it hard to influencelawmakers. [正确答案]J

[答案解析]根据本题题干中的关键信息 Changes,approved or rejected 和 lobbyists 可将答案定位至 J段的最后一句 The changes would have to be approved or rejected as a whole by Congress, making it hard for narrow-interest lobbies to bend lawmakers to their will〔这些变化必须由美国国会统一通过或否决,这会 让利益狭窄的游说团很难说服立法者服从他们的意愿〕 ,故本题与 J 段匹配.

38. It is not easy to curb the rising medical costs in America. [正确答案]A

[答案解析]本句意为 ： 阻止美国高涨的医疗费用并不容易.原文 A 段陈述了美国高昂的医疗成本,关于是否能解决这一问题,作者表示： The answer is that no one has an easy fix for rising medical costs〔答案是没人能轻易解决医疗成本这个问题〕 , curb 意为： 控制, 与原文中的 fix〔操纵〕相对应, 故本题选 A.

39. Standardization of forms for automatic processing will save a lot of medical expenses. [正确答案]G

[答案解析]根据题干的关键词 Standardization of forms 和 automatic processing 可将答案定位至原文 G段中间两句 ： its trade group offered to provide standardized forms for automated processing. It estimated that step would save hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade〔贸易团体会为自动化过程提供标准形式,据估计,这会为接下来的十年节省数千亿美元〕 ,所以本题对应 G 段.

40. Republicans and the insurance industry are strongly opposed to the creation of a public insurance plan. [正确答案]L

[答案解析]本题意为： 共和党人士和保险业强烈反对成立公共保险计划.根据题干中的关键词 Repub-licans,insurance industry 和 opposed to 可将答案定位至 L 段,本段提到 The final legislation might throw a public plan into the competition, but thanks to the fierce opposition of the insurance industry and Republic

critics〔最终的立法可能会使得竞争围绕公共计划展开,但由于保险业和共和党人士的强烈反对……〕 ,本题是对该句的同义转述,故选 L.

41. Conversion of paper to electronic medical records will help eliminate redundant tests and prevent drug interactions. [正确答案]H

[答案解析]根据本题的关键词 ： electronic medical records,eliminate redundant tests 和 prevent drug interactions可将答案定位至 H 段,本段提到 The stimulus package provided money to convert the inefficient, paper- driven medical system to electronic records that can be easily viewed and transmitted〔经济刺激方案提供的资金将效率低、受纸质驱动的医疗系统转化成可以轻松浏览和传播的电子记录〕 .其后又接着说 ：

In time it should help restrain costs by eliminating redundant test, preventing drug interactions, and helping doctors find the best treatments〔它是时候通过消除冗余的检测、防止出现药物相互作用、帮助医生找到最佳治疗方法,来控制成本〕 ,所以本题选 H.

42. The high cost of medical services and unnecessary tests and treatments have driven up medical expenses.

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[正确答案]C

[答案解析]本题意为 ： 高昂的医疗服务费和不必要的检测和治疗促使医疗费用增加.原文 C 段提到Medical spending… is propelled by two things: the high prices charged for medical services… and the volume of unnecessary care… which often perform a lot more tests and treatments〔医疗费用受两种事物的推进 ：高昂的医疗服务费和不必要的众多检查和治疗费用〕 ,所以本题选 C.

43. One main factor that has driven up medical expenses is that doctors are compensated for the amount of carerather than its effect. [正确答案]I

[答案解析]原文 I 段讲述了医生的收入问题.开头提到 ： the fee-for-service system—doctors are rewarded for the quantity of care rather than its quality or effectiveness—is a primary reason that the cost of care is so high 〔在医疗服务体系中,医生的收入是跟治疗的数量,而非质量或效果挂钩的,这是造成医疗费用高昂的主要原因〕 ,故本题符合 I 段的概述.

44. Contrary to analysts’ doubts, the author believes drug prices may be lowered through negotiation. [正确答案]P

[答案解析]根据题干中的关键词 analysts’ doubts 和 negotiation 可将答案定位至原文 P 段 ： Some authoritative analysts doubt that the secretary would get better deals than private insurers already get. We believe negotiation could work〔一些官方分析家质疑能比私营保险公司得到更好的价钱,我们相信谈判行得通〕 ,后面又补充一句 ： It does in other countries〔在其他国家成功了〕 .由此可推断作者与分析家的观点相反, 所以本题选 P 段.

45. Fair competition might create a strong incentive for insurers to charge less. [正确答案]K

[答案解析]根据题干中的关键信息 ： competition,a strong incentive 可将答案定位至原文 K 段 ： Andthe head-to-head competition might give them a strong incentive to lower their prices〔正面竞争可能会给他们有力的刺激,从而降低价格〕 ,其中 to lower their prices 对应题干的 to charge less,所以选 K 段. Section C Passage One

[话题分类]环境与发展

[文章大意]水资源短缺, 灌溉设备成本高, 很多发展中国家的农民不得不使用下水道污水灌溉农作物,而相关研究人员表示这种行为利大于弊,污水灌溉产生的农业经济效益要超过潜在的健康问题. 46.[正确答案] C [考核技能]态度信息

[答案解析]原文第一段提到农民使用下水道污水灌溉,作者对此做出的评价是 ： it may not be a bad thing〔这也许不是一件坏事〕 ,紧接着在第二段解释 ： While the practice carries serious health risks for many, those dangers are outweighed by the social and economic gains for poor urban farmers and consumers who need affordable food〔尽管这一行为会给很多人带来严重的健康风险,对于需要得到粮食供应的贫穷的城市农民和消费者来说,与社会和经济收益比,那些风险没那么重要〕 ,由此可知作者认为污水灌溉利大于弊,这与 C 项利大于弊的态度相符,所以本题选 C. 47.[正确答案] C

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[考核技能]观点意见

[答案解析]原文第五段具体讲述了使用下水道污水灌溉带来的健康问题 ： farmers risk absorbing disease-causing bacteria, as do consumers who eat the produce raw and unwashed〔农民们有感染病菌的风险, 就像消费者吃生的和未洗的产品时也有感染病菌的风险〕 ,故疾病或有害病菌是农民和消费者面临的主 要问题,C 选项意思与上句相同.故本题选 C. 48.[正确答案] A [考核技能]态度信息

[答案解析]由题干中的关键词 Pay Drechsel 可将答案定位至原文第五段的最后一句,But 之后即为 本题的答案 Pay Drechsel, … argues that the social and economic benefits of using untreated human waste to grow food outweigh the health risks〔Pay Drechsel 认为使用未处理的人类垃圾水灌溉粮食所产生的社会 和经济效益比相应的健康风险重要〕 ,由此可知 Pay Drechsel 对污水灌溉持支持态度,所以本题选 A. 49.[正确答案] B [考核技能]方式方法

[答案解析]第五段 Pay Drechsel 提出利大于弊后,接着在第六段对于健康风险提出建议 ： Those dan- gers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education〔可通过教育农民和消费者来消除那些风险〕 , 故本题选 B. 50.[正确答案] A [考核技能]观点意见

[答案解析]由题干中的关键词 James Bartram 可将答案定位至文章末段,James Bartram 认为 Overly strict standards often fails〔过于严格的标准往往会失败〕 ,We need to accept that fact across much of the planet, so waste with little or no treatment will be used in agriculture for good reason〔在全球大部分地区我 们都需要接受这个事实,所以几乎未经处理的垃圾有充分的理由被用于农业〕 ,所以 James Bartram 同 意用污水灌溉,即他赞同 Pay Drechsel 的观点,所以本题选 A. Passage Two

[话题分类]日常生活

[文章大意]随着社会的变化,厨房的地位也发生了本质性的变化.与以前不同,厨房现在日益成为了 现代家庭住房的核心组成和身份的彰显,人们在厨房用具和设计上也花了较多的心思. 51.[正确答案] D [考核技能]态度信息

[答案解析]根据答案顺序原则,首先将答案定位到首段,本段作者提到： Cooking is an occasional hobby and a vehicle for celebrity chefs. Which makes it odd that the kitchen has become the heart of the modern house 〔烹 饪成了一种偶尔的嗜好以与名厨们的一种媒介, 可奇怪的是厨房却成了现代家庭的核心〕 , 所以本题选 D. 52.[正确答案] B [考核技能]缘由结果

[答案解析]由题干中的关键词 Georgian-style kitchen 可将答案定位至原文第三段,最后一句提到了 Georgian-style kitchen 的卖点 ： Its big selling point is that nobody else will have it. You won’t see this kitchen

anywhere else in the word〔它的一个大卖点是其他人无法拥有它,这种厨房在世界上其他任何地方也看 不到了〕 ,即这种厨房世界上独一无二,无法复制,选项 B 符合原文,故选 B. 53.[正确答案] D [考核技能]事件背景

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[答案解析]本题问厨房地位的变化反映了什么事实.根据第四段首句 ： The elevation of the room that once belonged only to the servants for the modern family tells the story of a century of social change〔曾经专属于仆人的房间,在现代家庭中地位得到了提升,这讲述了一个世纪的社会变迁〕 ,故厨房地位的变化 反映了社会变化,所以本题选 D. .[正确答案] A [考核技能]观点意见

[答案解析]根据题干中的关键词 Beecher sisters 可将答案定位至文章第五段,本段提到 Beecher 对厨房持激进的创新思维,具体表现在 ： the Beecher sisters recommended a scientific approach to household management, designed to enhance the efficiency of a woman’s work and promote order〔Beecher 姐妹,引荐 了一种科学的家政管理方法来提高女性的工作效率并改善秩序〕 .故在 Beecher 姐妹看来,厨房是女性 工作更有效率的地方,本题选 A. 55.[正确答案] B [考核技能]得出结论

[答案解析] 根据文章最后一段 ： designed in the 1920s…,It was a modernist triumph, and many elements remain central features of today’s kitchen〔该厨房设计于 20 世纪 20 年代,这是现代主义的胜利,很多元 素都保持着当今厨房的核心特色〕 .所以本题选 B. Part IV Translation [参考译文]

Qipao is a kind of elegant Chinese dress, which originated from Manchu Nationality in China. In the Qing Dynasty, qipao was a loose robe worn by the royal women. In the 1920s, influenced by western clothing, it has undergone some changes. For example, the cuffs became narrower, and the robe became shorter. These changes enable qipao to fully bring out the feminine beauty. Today, qipao often appears on the world-class fashion shows. It is usually the first choice for Chinese women when they attend social parties. Meanwhile, many Chinese brides would choose it as their wedding dress. Some influen- tial persons even suggested that qipao should be made the national costume for Chinese women.

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