牛津译林版英语8BUnit7Internationalcharities知识点汇编

Unit7 International charitiesWelcome to the unit

1. You have some pocket money left. 你还剩余⼀些零花钱。

◆注意：left是leave的过去分词，在此句中做后置定语，修饰pocket money，意为：剩下的、没有⽤完的。left相当于⼀个形容词，放在被修饰的名词或anything/nothing/nobody等不定代词之后。eg：I have only one food ticket left. There is nothing left in the fridge.◆leave for 动⾝前往leave 忘带，落下，离开2. have a big lunch 吃顿丰盛的午餐

3. I’m too weak to walk any further. 我太虚弱，⾛不动了。

◆I’m so weak that I can’t walk any further.= I’m not strong enough to walk any further.◆farther, further 这两个词都是far的⽐较级形式。

①farther和further都可指具体的距离，即空间时间上的“较远”。Let's not go any farther/further.

②further还可⽤于抽象的引申义，如时间，程度和数量等，表⽰“进⼀步，更进⼀层”，此时，不能与farther换⽤。I may be able to give you some further information about it.The problem will be further discussed at the class meeting.

4. help build a better world for everyone帮着为每个⼈建⽴⼀个更好的世界 a better world⼀个更美好的世界

为贫穷地区的孩⼦们提供基础教育basic education基础教育receive basic education接受基础教育6. work for the equal rights of girls and women 为⼥孩和妇⼥的平等权利⽽⼯作work for 为…⽽⼯作equal rights平等的权利

8. prevent the spread of some serious diseases among young people预防年轻⼈中⼀些严重疾病的扩散

◆prevent ...(from) doing sth.；stop ...(from) doing sth.；keep ...from doing sth.; 均表⽰“阻⽌……做某事”。

上述三个结构中，在主动语态中stop 与prevent后可省去from，但在被动语态中不可省略;⽽keep ...from ...中的from在任何情况下都不能省略。

The heavy rain prevented us going on, but we didn’t lose heart.

在被动语态中，from都不可省。We were prevented by the rain from going there.◆protect…from/against…表⽰“保护……免受……”例如：Protect children from violence9. do a good job ⼲得不错；完成得很好Reading

1.

2.

▲ say⼀般作及物动词⽤，着重说话的内容，它的宾语可以是名词，代词或宾语从句。eg: He can say his name. 他会说他的名字。Please say it in English. 请⽤英语⽤。▲ speak强调说的动作，不强调所说的内容。作及物动词时，常以某种语⾔作宾语。

作不及物动词时，常见的搭配形式有：speak of something/somebody谈到某事（某⼈）speak to sb 跟某⼈讲话，此外speak还可⽤于在较为正式的场合了表演讲或演说。

Can you speak Japanese? 你会说⽇语吗？She is speaking to her teacher. 她正在跟她的⽼师说话。He spoke at the meeting yesterday. 他昨天在会上讲了话。

▲ talk ⼀般为不及物动词，意思是“交谈，谈话，着重强调两具之间的相互说话。

eg: She is talking with Lucy in English. 她正在和露茜⽤英语交谈。What are you talking about? 你们在谈论什么？The teacher is talking to him. ⽼师正在和他谈话。▲ tell常作及物动词，意为“讲述，告诉，动词常跟双宾语。

tell sb sth＝tell sth to sb告诉某⼈某事。Did you tell her the news?＝Did you tell the news to her?tell sb to do sth 叫某⼈做某事 tell sb not to do sth 让某⼈不做某事3.have eye problems 有眼疾

4.80 per cent of these cases 80%的病例

“分数(百分数)+of+名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词的数与其中名词的数保持⼀致。如：About 30 percent of the pupils wereabsent that day. 那天⼤约有30%的学⽣未到。

Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is covered by sea. 地球表⾯的四分之三是海。

5. have money for medical treatment medical treatment医疗medical是medicine形容词形式，医学的6. Flying Eye Hospital 眼科飞机医院

7. do operations on sb. =operate on sb. 给某⼈做⼿术operate 动词，operation名词8. be used as a training centre 被⽤作培训中⼼

9. Many of our patients can’t afford to go to hospital. go to hospital去看病afford sth.买得起某物afford to do sth.负担得起做某事can’t afford 负担不起10. on board 在飞机(船、⽕车)上11. learn about eye operations 学习眼科⼿术12.teach them new skills 教他们新的技能

13. during a visit 在⼀次拜访中during the last visit在上次的拜访中

15.help people see again帮助⼈们重见光明

16. treat people with eye problems治疗有眼疾的⼈cure most eye diseases 治愈⼤多数眼病cure sb. of sth. 治好某⼈的病Dr. Ma cured the old man of his blindness.

17. carry on working/carry on with our work 继续开展我们的⼯作carry on (with sth) 继续开展，继续下去18. Modern medicine is developing quickly. 现代医学正迅速发展Develop动词，发展；加强develop quickly发展很快

development名词，发展with the development of 随着----的发展

developed发达的developing发展中的a developed country⼀个发达国家a developing country⼀个发展中的国家19. Thank you for your time. 感谢你的时间。

20. cut a person’s body open 给某⼈开⼑cut----open把---切开21. the condition of being unable to see不能看见东西的状态

22. many more people 更多的⼈23. get treatment得到治疗Grammar, integrated skills and study skills1. hand out leaflets to people向⼈们分发传单hand out 分发；提出hand in 上交2. hold a charity show 举⾏⼀次慈善义演

3. be set up in Europe在欧洲建⽴set up 建起，设⽴4. part of the United Nations 联合国的⼀部分

5. make the world a better place for children 使得世界成为⼀个更适合孩⼦们的地⽅6. want the children to be healthy想让孩⼦们健康

7. raise money by selling Christmas cards 通过卖圣诞卡⽚募集钱

8. organize some activities组织⼀些活动9. prevent them from getting illness 防⽌他们得病10. look pale看上去苍⽩

11. What’s the matter (with sb)？(某⼈)怎么了？Wh at’s wrong with you?I don’t feel well. 我觉得不舒服

12. get toothache ⽛疼13. How long have you felt like this? 你感觉这样/这么不舒服多久了？14. have a check 检查⼀下15. nothing serious 没有什么严重的

16. Take this medicine after meals three times a day. 饭后服药，⼀天三次。17.not---at all⼀点也不not---any more= no more不再

18. Will it be a success? Will it be successful? 它将会成功吗？

19. keep asking myself不断问我⾃⼰20. No time to be nervous any more.没有时间再紧张了。21. make a lot of noise发出很多吵闹声22.have to speak loudly不得不⼤声说话Task1. a secretary of a company ⼀家公司的秘书2. be afraid of flying 害怕飞⾏3. train as a nurse 培训为⼀名护⼠

4. live in a comfortable flat 住在⼀个舒适的公寓⾥5. take the plane 乘飞机

6. help poor people with eye problems see again 帮助患有眼疾的穷⼈重见光明

7. make up one’s mind to do sth 下定决⼼做某事make up her mind to train as a nurse下定决⼼培训当护⼠decide to do sth.

8. attend courses 参加课程9. travel over 300 days a year ⼀年中超过300天都在旅游10. get used to travelling by plane 习惯于乘飞机旅⾏11. have as much money as before 和以前有⼀样多的钱

12. She thinks her life is more meaningful. 她认为她的⼈⽣更有意义。

13. used to work on the farm all day 过去常常整⽇在农场上⼯作14. an officer ⼀个

15. learn about the conditions of the local people 了解当地⼈们的情况16. enter a school 考⼊学校三. 词形变化

1. especial-especially2. educate-education3. spread-spread-spread

4. interview-interviewer read-reader office-officer5. blind-blindness6. medicine-medical

7. treat-treatment 8. develop-developed-developing-development9. hold-held-he ld set-set-set-setting 10. secretary-secretaries11. operate-operation 12. most-mostly⼀、被动语态的⽤法：

1. ⼀般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词Our classroom is cleaned everyday. 我们教室每天都被打扫。I am asked to study hard. 我被告知要努⼒学习。Knives are used for cutting things. ⼑是⽤来切东西的。

2. ⼀般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词A new shop was built last year. 去年修了⼀座新商店。

Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 恐龙蛋被放置了很久很久。3. ⼀般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词A new hospital will be built in our city. 我们城市将要修建⼀家新医院。Many more trees will be planted next year. 明年会种更多的树。

4. 现在进⾏时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→

My bike is being repaired by Tom now. 王叔叔正在修理我的⾃⾏车。They are planting trees over there. →

Trees are being planted over there by them. 他们在那⾥种植的树⽊。5. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词This book has been translated into many languages. 这本书被翻译成多种⽂字。

Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 在许多国家有许多⼈造卫星被送上了太空。6.过去进⾏时的被动语态构成：was/were + being + 及物动词的过去分词

The boy was being operated on when his parents hurried to the hospital.当他的⽗母赶到医院的时候这个男孩正在做⼿术。

The new road was being made.这条新路正在修筑。

7.过去完成时的被动语态构成：had + been + 及物动词的过去分词

The classroom hadn’t been cleaned before the teacher came. 在⽼师来之前，教室尚未打扫。The tickets had been sold out before I came to the cinema.在门票被销售⼀空前我赶到了电影院。8.将来完成时的被动语态构成：shall/will + have done

They will have been married for 20 years by then. 届时，他们结婚将满20周年。The project will have been completed before May.该项⽬将在五⽉前完成。9.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词Young trees must be watered often. ⼩树需要经常浇⽔。

Your mistakes should be corrected right now. 你应该现在就改正你的错误。The door may be locked inside. 这扇门可以反锁。

Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 你的家庭作业可以明天交。⼆、怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?

把主动语态改为被动语态⾮常简单，可以遵循以下⼏个步骤：1. 先找出谓语动词；

2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；3. 把宾语⽤作被动语态中的主语；4. 注意⼈称、时态和数的变化。

例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. 布鲁斯每星期写⼀封信。

2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The brok en bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 李雷今天上午在修理坏的⾃⾏车。

3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far. ⾄今他已写了两部⼩说。4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 他们明天将要种植⼗棵树。5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now. 露西正在写信。

6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave. 当你离开的时候你必须把门锁上。三、使⽤被动语态应注意的⼏个问题：1. 不及物动词⽆被动语态。

What will happen in 100 years？⼀百年⾥会发⽣什么事？

The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 约65万年前恐龙灭绝。2. 有些动词⽤主动形式表⽰被动意义。This pen writes well. 这⽀钢笔很好写。This new book sells well. 这本新书卖的很好。

3. 感官动词或使役动词使⽤省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。例：make somebody do so mething→somebody+ be +made to do somethingsee somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something

A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. ⼀个⼥孩看到我

的钱夹掉了当她经过的时候。

The boss made the l ittle boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 这个⽼板让这⼩男孩⼲重活。

4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要⽤介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. 他给了我⼀本书。

He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. 他给我展⽰了⼀张票。

My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 我⽗亲给我买了⼀辆新⾃⾏车。5. ⼀些动词短语⽤于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作⼀个整体，⽽不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laugh at by us. 我们不能嘲笑他。

He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. 他每天都收听⼴播。

The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.这护⼠在照顾这个虚弱的男⼈。Grammar

⼀、构成学习⼀般将来时的被动语态，⾸先应掌握其各种结构形式。1．肯定式will（shall）＋be＋动词的过去分词2．否定式will（shall）＋not＋be＋动词的过去分词3．疑问式Will（Shall）＋主语＋be＋动词的过去分词？

简略回答Yes，主语＋will（shall）．No，主语＋won't（shan't）．现在，请看实例：

A）肯定句：Anew stadium will be put up here．否定句：Anewstadium will not（won't）be put up here．

疑问句及简略回答：Will a new stadium be put up here？Yes，it will．／No，it won't．特殊疑问句及回答：What will be put up here？A new stadium．

B）A lot of athletes will be invited to Beijing．But those who have used illegal drugs will not be invited．（但那些使⽤违禁药物的将不被邀请。）Will some world-famous singers be invited？Yes，they will．Who else will be invited？Some judgesand sports officials，of course．⼆、其他结构

表⽰将来意义的被动结构还有：1．be going to be done；2．be to be done；

3．will（shall）＋get ＋done等。

例如：Some old buildings are going to be put down．The 29th Olympic Games is to be held in Beijing in 2008．The workers will get paid before the end of December．同学们也要注意这些结构的否定式、疑问式等。例如：

These trees are not going to be cut down．Are these trees going to be cut down？Yes，they are．The machines are not tobe repaired tonight．Are they to be repaired tomorrow？Yes，they are．三、注意事项

使⽤⼀般将来时的被动语态时，应注意以下两点：

1．在时间、条件状语从句中，应使⽤现在时表⽰将来时。同样，应使⽤现在时的被动语态表⽰将来时的被动语态。例如：Hesays he will leave the company if he is punished for this．2．使⽤⼀般将来时被动语态时，学⽣易遗漏被动式中的be。例如：

【误】A new film will shown at the cinema next week．【正】A new film will be shown at the cinema next week.

【误】Is this bridge going to completed before the end of this year？【正】Is this bridge going to be completed before the end of this year？四、基本结构

⼀: shall/will + be + done

【经典例题1】I promise that this matter _____ next week.A. will be taken careB. will take care ofC. will take good careD. will be taken care of

【思路点拨】选D。从题⼲不难看出,⼀是从句中的this matter 和take care of 是被动关

系;⼆是take care of 是固定搭配,不能拆开;三是相对于promise来说,take care of 是将要发⽣的动作。故从句谓语应⽤⼀般将来时的被动语态。

【经典例题2】These dictionaries _____ the library again (by you ).A. will be taken out ofB. won’t be taken out ofC. will take out ofD. won’t take out o f

【思路点拨】选B。由题⼲结构及句意可知,此题考查的是⼀般将来时的被动语态的否定式。另外,我们还应注意:其疑问式为Shall/Will + 主语+ be + done...? 或特殊疑问词+ shall/will + 主语+ be + done...?【经典例题3】Hundreds of jobs ______ if the factory closes.（NMET 2001北京春季）A. loseB. will be lostC. are lostD. will lose

【思路点拨】答案选B。lose jobs 的意思是“失业”。主语是jobs ，谓语动词要⽤被动语态。条件句中的谓语动词的⼀般现在时态表⽰将来。

2. 基本结构⼆: be(am / is /are)going to + be + done

【经典例题1】The class ____ on everything they have learnt this year.A. is going to be examiningB. are going to examineC. is going to be examined

D. are going to be examined

【思路点拨】选D。题中the class指全班同学,谓语动词应⽤复数形式, 并且主语和谓语动词之间是被动关系, 所以谓语应⽤⼀般将来时的被动语态。

【经典例题2】An exhibition of painting _____ at the art museum when he comes back from abroad.A. is going to holdB. is going to be heldC. are going to holdD. are going to be held

【思路点拨】选B。根据题意, 此处应⽤⼀般将来时的被动语态, ⽽且主谓应保持⼀致。3. 基本结构三: be to + be + done

【经典例题1】The flowers_____ soon if you want to keep them aliveA. should waterB. are wateredC. water

D. are to be watered

【思路点拨】选D。题中soon要求⽤将来时态，⼜有花被浇⽔，须被动语态，所以要⽤将来时的被动语态，只有D符合要求。【经典例题2】In a room above the store, where a party_____ tomorrow, some workers are busily setting the tableA. is to be heldB. has been heldC. is being held

D. was held 【思路点拨】选A。将来时的被动语态基本结构三: be to + be + done