专四阅读题

Medical Psychology

For more than fifty years we have known, or could have known,. that there ie an unconsciousness to counterbalance consciousness. Medical psychology has furnished all the necessary empirical and experimental proofs of an unconscious psychic reality which demonstrably influences consciousness and behavior. All this is known, but no practical conclusions have been drawn from it. We still go on thinking and acting as if we were simplex and not duplex. Accordingly, we imagine ourselves to be innocuous, reasonable, and humane. We do not think of distrusting our motives, or of asking ourselves how the inner man feels about the things we do in the outside world, but actually it is frivolous, superficial ,and unreasonable of us, as well as psychically unhygienic, to overlook the reaction and viewpoint of the unconscious.

One can regard one’s stomach or heart as unimportant or even worthy of contempt, but never the less overeating and over exertion have consequences which affect the whole man. Yet we think that psychic mistakes and their consequences can be erased by mere words, for “psychic” means less than air to most people. All the same, nobody can deny that without the psyche there would be no world at all and still less a human world. Virtually, everything depends on the human soul and its functions. It is worthy of all the attention we can give it, especially today when everyone admits that the weal or woe of the future will be decided not by attacks of wild animals, by natural catastrophes, or by the danger of world-wide epidemics but rather by the psychic changes in man.

Only an almost imperceptible disturbance of equilibrium in few of our rulers’ heads could plunge the world into blood, fire, and radioactivity. The technical means to this destruction are available to both sides. And certain conscious deliberations uncontrolled by an inner opponent can be all too easily indulged. The consciousness of modern man still clings so much to outward objects that he believes them seclusively responsible, as if were on them that decisions depended. That the psychic state of certain individuals could emancipate itself for once from the behavior of objects is something that is considered far too little, although irrationalities of this sort are observed every day and can happen to everyone.

50多年来我们知道，或者说可能已经知道，无意识和有意识相抗衡。医学心理学已提供了所有必要的经验和试验证据，证明存在一个无意识的精神现实，影响着人们的意识和行为。这一切都已为人们所知，然而，人们却还未就此得到实际结论。我们的思维，举止一如往昔，好像我们的意识是单一的而非双重的。相应地，我们想像自己与人无害，通情达理，善良仁慈。我们没想过要怀疑自己的动机，或者扪心自问内部的自我对我们在外部世界的所作所为作何感想。然而，事实上，我们忽视无意识的反应和看法，不仅是精神肮脏，而且轻浮妄动，无知浅薄，毫无理性。

人会小觑甚至鄙视其胃部和心脏的重要性，但是暴饮暴食和过度劳累的后果波及整个人体。然而我们却以为只要说几句话，就可以抹去精神上的错误及其后果，因为对于大部分人来说“精神”比空气还要虚无。不过，谁也无法否认没有精神就根本没有这个世界，更别说人类世界了。事实上一切都依赖于人的心灵及其作用，它应该得到我们所能付出的全部关注，尤其在当今这个年代，因为人人都承认未来的祸福并不取决于野兽的袭击或者自然灾害，或者世界范围的传染病带来的危险，而是取决于人类精神上的变化。

只要少数统治者头脑中精神上的平静有了一丝几不可查的紊乱，世界就会陷入鲜血横流，战火四起，辐射遍布的境地。双方都拥有导致这种毁灭的技术手段，而且某些有意识的考虑如果脱离了内心对手的控制，会太易于被放纵。现代人的意识依然很大程度上依附于外在事物，他们认为这些外在事物值得信赖，就好像是靠这些事物作决定似的。人们很少考虑到一些个体的精神状态有朝一日会与事物的性质分离开来，尽管此类不理智的举动每天可见而且会发生在每个人的身上。

Television Programs

Though many television programmes are very trivial,all channeis,particularly the BBC,have many admirable features,which make the best possible use of this new

medium

for

entertainment,for

information,and

for

intellectual

appeal.Television drama deserves special mention.It may be difficult to go to a theatre outside London,but people who stay at home have opportunity for seeing good plays specially produced for television,as well as good programmes of criticism.The remarkable growth in the circulation of the good-quality Sunday newspapers,and the decline of some of their less admirable rivals,indicates an improvement of the public taste,and although the development of education may have something to do with this it seems likely that television is partly responsible too.

On the other side there is room for serious concern about the probable negative effects of some television programmes in which scenes of violence and crime are presented as among the more interesting of human phenomena.The criminals are confident,articulate,well dressed,daring and dominant.They have fast

cars and drive them dangerously and selfishly without accident or penalty except when the show requires an extravagant crash in a thrilling chase.The women are attractive,the men successful in winning their admiration.

It would be absurd to blame television wholly for the increase in crime and anti-social behavior in the last two decades.It may be observed that some anti-social people,young and old,have not seen much television violence,and that vast numbers of addicts of crime-and-violence films behave well themselves:but such statistical findings do not prove anything.What is clear is that the increase in familiarity with portrayals of negative behavior as interesting behavior has coincided with an actual increase in anti-social behavior.There seems to be enough evidence to suggest that a great restraint over a long period in such portryals might be a worthwhile experiment.

虽然许多电视节目非常浅薄，但所有的电视频道，尤其是BBC。（英国广播公司），都拥有令人称道的特色，能使这一新型媒介发挥最大可能的作用来以资消遣，提供信息以及满足智力需求，电视剧尤其值得一提。在伦敦以外的地区，去剧院可能不容易，但是人们足不出户就有机会欣赏到专为电视制作的优秀剧目和精彩的评论节目。高质量的星期日报纸发行量显著增长，而一些较差的竞争对手发行量减少。这表明公众的品位提高了，而且这虽然可能与教育的发展有关系，但似乎电视也是部分原因。

在另一方面，我们有理由密切关注某些电视节目可能会产生的负面效应。在这些节目中暴力及犯罪场面作为更刺激的人类现象呈献给大众。犯罪分子信心十足，能说会道，穿着体面，大胆勇敢，超群出众。他们拥有快车而且开起来危险，任性，却不会造成事故或受到惩罚----除非节目需要在惊心动魄的追击中来一场奢侈的撞车场面。女人魅力四射，

男人成功地赢得钦慕。

将过去20年里犯罪及反社会行为的增多完全归罪于电视，那是荒谬可笑的。人们可能注意到一些反社会分子，不论老少，没看过多少电视暴力：而且大批钟情于犯罪暴力影片的人表现良好。但是这样的统计发现证明不了什么。有件事很清楚，人们对把负面的行为当做有趣的行为来刻画越来越清晰，而这与现实的反社会行为的增多恰好相合。似乎有足够的证据表明长期内大力限制此类演绎可能值得一试。

Human Faculty

He who lets the wold,or his own portion of it,choose his plan of life for him has no need of any other faculty than the ape-like one of imitation.He who choose his plan for himself employs all his faculties.He must use observation to see,reasoning and judgment to foresee,activity to gather materials for decision,discrimination to decide,and when he has decided,firmness and self-control to hold to his decision.And these qualities he requires and exercises are exactly in proportion as the part of his conduct which he determines according to his own judgment and feelings is a large one.It is possible that he might be quided in some good path,and kept out of harm’s way,without any of these things.But what will be his comparative worth as a human being?It really is of importance,not only what man do,but also what manner of men they are that do it.Among the works of man himself.