新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解 Unit7

1WhenMonicaappliedforajobasanadministrativeassistantin1971,shewasaskedwhethershewouldratherworkforamaleorafemaleattorney.\"Iimmediately

said

a

man,\"

she

says.

\"I

felt

that

a

male-boss/female-employeerelationshipwasmorenatural,needingnopersonalaccommodationwhatsoever.\"But20yearslater,whenshewasaskedthesamequestion,shesaid,\"Iwaspleasantlysurprisedthatfemalebossesaremuchmoreaccessibletotheiremployees;they'remuchmoresensitiveandintimatewiththeiremployees.\"

2Femalebossestodayarestillfindingtheyfacesubtleresistance.Thereisstillasegmentofthepopulation,bothmenand,surprisingly,womenwhoreportlowtoleranceforfemalebosses.Thegrowingpresenceoffemalebosseshasalsoprovokedtwomajorquestionsthatrevolvearoundstyles:Domenandwomenmanagedifferently,and,ifso,isthatagoodthing?

3Monicaisdisposedtothinkso,onbothcounts.Nowa40-year-oldmotheroffour,sheispresidentofapublicsectorlaborunionwith45,000members.\"Relationswithmyemployeesareprobablydifferentfromthoseofmalemanagersprecedingme,\"shesays.\"Iknowwhatit'sliketohavetocallandsaymykidgotthemumpssoIwon'tbecomingin.Ihaveamoreflexiblestyle—notsoft,justmoreunderstanding.\"ThemanwhoisMonica'sassistantagrees,\"Shetendstodelegatemoreandisalwayslookingforaconsensus.Peoplearehappyandflourishbecausetheyhaveaninputintodecisionsandtheyarenotmerebystanders;theirenergiesareharnessed.Ontheotherhand,consensustakeslonger.\"

4So,arethedifferencessymbolicorreal?Plausiblestudiessuggestthatmenaretypicallyhierarchical,goal-orientedandfeelentitled.Women,bycontrast,managediplomatically,andsharepower.Thatpointofviewisoftenchallengedandargued.Someproclaimthatmenandwomenofsimilarbackgrounds,experienceandaspirationsbasicallymanageinthesameway.Thisviewisechoedbyyoungerwomen,especiallythosewhohaveencounteredlittlegenderdiscrimination.ThatwascertainlythelessonforNicole.Whenherfatherdiedofaheartattack,shewasanemployeeatapetroleumproductsexportcompany.Shequitandtookoverherfamily's160-acrefruitfarminSt.David'sCounty.Onherfirstdayinthefield,aworker

calledher\"darling\".\"Hewastryingtotestme.Iwasshakingwithanger,\"saysNicole,now34.\"Istooderectandsaid,‘Youwouldn'thavecalledmyfatherdarlingandyou'renotgoingtotakethatlibertywithme.Ifyoudo,I'llfireyou.'\"5Whenwomenworkforwomen,adifferentdynamicoftentakesover.Susan,acashierinaTorontoauctionhouse,saysthatshehasexploredfriendshipswithsomeofherfemalebossesandfeelsshecanrelyonthemmore.Whilewomenmayfeelmoreateasewithafemaleboss,menoftenhavetomakeconcessionstothenewworkingstyles.Brian,amarinebiologist,says,\"IttookmeacoupleofyearsbeforeIfeltcomfortableenoughtorelaxaroundafemalemanager.Infact,myrelationswithherweremuchmorebusinesslike.\"6Tosomeextent,themale-femaledifferencescomedowntoconflictingstyles.Onefemalevice-presidentdiscussedthetimesheburstintotearsduringameeting.\"Menthinkthattearsareanuclearweaponinaconventionalwar.Theytakeexceptiontoawomancrying,inferringthatshe'sfeelingunhappyorviolated.\"Themenfailedtounderstandthatwhatpromptedhertearswasnothurtbutgenuinerage.\"Whenwecry,it'sbecausewehaveallthisvalidragethathasnoappropriaterelease,\"shesays.\"Womencry;mengetreliefbygoingonwiththeoffenseorbyveilingtheirfeelingstoappearcomposed.\"

7Deborah,presidentofafirmwithitsheadquartersinToronto,saysthatevenif

men

do

understand,

they

sometimes

react

differently

to

theidenticalinformationandtohercooperativemanagementstyle.

8Deborahsaysthatherauthorityissometimesunderminedbyperceptionsabouthergender.\"Itstemsfromthewholesocialcontextoftraditionalrolesformenandwomen,\"shesays.\"Momwouldtellyoutodothings,butperhapsyouwouldn'ttakeasmuchnoticeaswhenDadtoldyoutodothings.Menalsohaveastrongerurgetocontrol,\"shesays.

9Forfemalebosses,thegreatexpectationofsomefemaleemployeesisonemoreobstacle.Juniorwomenassumeafemalebosswillpromotethemmorequicklythanamanwould.But,theyalsoexpectfemalebossestobemoreself-sufficient.\"Theyask,‘Whycan'tyouscanyourownstuff?'or‘Whycan'tyoudoyourownfiling?'\"saysoneseniorfemaleexecutive.

10Ontheotherhand,thereisnodisputethatafewdecadesagotheywouldrarely

have

had

a

female

boss

in

the

workplace.Nina,

a

managementconsultantsaysshe'svaguelyoptimistic.\"I'mlookingforwardtotheday,beforeIdie,whenwerecognizethatthebestmanagementstyleswill

becomposedofthebestthatbothgendersbringtothetable...\"Well,shepauses,maybenotbeforeshedies,perhapsinherdaughter'slifetime.

LanguagePoints:

1WhenMonicaappliedforajobasanadministrativeassistantin1971,shewasaskedwhethershewouldratherworkforamaleorafemaleattorney.(Para.1)Meaning:Monicawasaskedifshewouldliketoworkforamaleorafemalelawyerwhensheappliedforamanagingjobatalawfirmin1971.Sentencestructurenote:“wouldrather”句型1wouldrather的意思是“宁愿；宁可；更；最好；还是…为好”，后接动词原形，表示优先选择的一种方式。其否定形式是wouldrathernotdosth.,wouldrather没有人称和数的变化，所有的人称一律用wouldrather。例如：Ifyou/hewouldratherbealone,we’llallleavehere.如果你/他宁愿独自呆着，那我们会都离开这儿。2wouldrather后接从句时，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时，表示希望或宁愿某人按某特定的方式做某事，这个结构常常表达的是现在或将来的行为。例如：I’dratheryoudidn’tmakeanycommentontheissueforthetimebeing.我想目前你还是不要对此事发表任何评论。2“Ifeltthatamale-boss/female-employeerelationshipwasmorenatural,needingnopersonalaccommodationwhatsoever.”(Para.1)Meaning:Ifeltthattherewasnoneedtocompromiseinarelationshipbetweenamalebossandafemaleemployeesinceitwasmorenatural.3But20yearslater,whenshewasaskedthesamequestion,shesaid,“Iwaspleasantlysurprisedthatfemalebossesaremuchmoreaccessibletotheiremployees;they’remuchmoresensitiveandintimatewiththeiremployees.”(Para.1)Meaning:However,whenshewasaskedthesamequestion20yearslater,Sherespondedthatitwasanicesurprisetofindoutthatfemalebosseshadbeenmucheasiertoapproach,moreunderstanding,andclosertotheirworkers.Meaningbeyondwords:Heranswerwasentirelydifferentfromwhatshehadresponded20yearsbefore.Itcanbeassumedthatshegainedthisparticularfeelinggradually.4Femalebossestodayarestillfindingtheyfacesubtleresistance.(Para.2)Meaningbeyondwords:Femalebossestodayarestillexperiencinggenderdiscrimination,thoughitmaynotalwaysbeobviousornoticeable.5Thereisstillasegmentofthepopulation,bothmenand,surprisingly,womenwhoreportlowtoleranceforfemalebosses.(Para.2)Meaning:Aportionofpeople,menand,unexpectedly,evenwomenstatethattheycanhardlybearworkingwithfemalebosses.6Thegrowingpresenceoffemalebosseshasalsoprovokedtwomajorquestionsthatrevolvearoundstyles:Domenandwomenmanagedifferently,and,ifso,isthatagoodthing?(Para.2)Meaning:Withthenumberoffemalebossesincreasing,twoquestionshavebeenraisedintermsofstyles:Domenandwomenworkdifferently?Arethedifferencesgoodformanagementifthereareany?7Monicaisdisposedtothinkso,onbothcounts.Nowa40-year-oldmotheroffour,sheispresidentofapublicsectorlaborunionwith45,000members.(Para.3)Meaning:Monica,a40-year-oldmotheroffourchildrenandpresidentofapublicsectorlaborunionwith45,000members,isinclinedtolookatthesetwopointspositively:Womendomanagedifferentlyfrommenandthatisagoodthing.Note:“Apublicsectorlaborunion”(alsopublicsectortradeunion)referstoalaborunionwhichprimarilyrepresentstheinterestsofemployeeswithinpublicsector(government-owned,supportedorregulated)organizations.Publicsectorunionshavebecomesomeofthelargerormoreinfluentialunionsincertainareasoftheworldinrecenttimesasprivatesectorunionmembershiphasdeclinedsharply.8“Relationswithmyemployeesareprobablydifferentfromthoseofmalemanagersprecedingme,”shesays.“Iknowwhatit’sliketohavetocallandsaymykidgotthemumpssoIwon’tbecomingin.Ihaveamoreflexiblestyle—notsoft,justmoreunderstanding.”(Para.3)Meaning:Shesaidthatshewasperhapsdifferentformthepreviousmalemanagersinrelationwiththeemployeesbecausesheknewwhatitmeantwhensomeonehadtomakeaphonecalltellingherthatheorshewouldn’tgotoworkduetotheillnessoftheirchild.Sheaddedthatshewasmoreflexibleandunderstandingbutnotweakerintermsofworkingstyle.Meaningbeyondwords:Inabroadsense,femalebossesarebetterthanmalebossesinboss-employeerelationsbecausetheyaremoreunderstandingandtendtoshowmoreconsiderationtotheiremployees.9ThemanwhoisMonica’sassistantagrees,“Shetendstodelegatemoreandisalwayslookingforaconsensus.Peoplearehappyandflourishbecausetheyhaveaninputintodecisionsandtheyarenotmerebystanders;theirenergiesareharnessed.Ontheotherhand,consensustakeslonger.”(Para.3)Meaning:ThemanwhoisMonica’sassistantholdsthesameopinionthatsheusuallygivespeoplemorerightsandisalwaysseekingagreement.Sincepeoplehavetheirvoiceheardindecision-makingandarenotplayingtheroleofawitnessonly,theyfeelhappyandsuccessful.Inthisway,theirenergiesareutilized.However,ittakesmoretimetoreachanagreement.Meaningbeyondwords:Again,femalebosseswouldseekmoreaccommodationandagreementthanmalebosses,whichhelpstobringemployees’initiativeintofullplay.10So,arethedifferencessymbolicorreal?Plausiblestudiessuggestthatmenaretypicallyhierarchical,goal-orientedandfeelentitled.Women,bycontrast,managediplomatically,andsharepower.(Para.4)Meaning:So,thequestioniswhetherthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalemanagersarerepresentativeorreal?Accordingtoacceptablestudies,menliketoseeksocialstatus,workforgoalsandbegivenauthority.Ontheotherhand,womenmanagewithskillandflexibilityandliketoshareauthority.Meaningbeyondwords:Intermsofmanagementskills,thisparthighlightsthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalebosses.Theplausiblereasonsmaypossiblybetracedtotherespectivecharactertraitsofbothsexes.Note:Goal-orientedisacompoundadjective.Agoal-orientedpersonorteamworkshardtoachievegoodresultsinthetasksthattheyhavebeengiven;agoal-orientedplanoractivityisbasedonanumberofthingsthatmustbeachieved.Thewordorientedmeansgivingalotoftime,effortandattentiontooneparticularthing.Itcanbecombinedwithdifferentnounstoderivedifferentmeaningssuchasfamily-orientedandexport-oriented.11Thatpointofviewisoftenchallengedandargued.Someproclaimthatmenandwomenofsimilarbackgrounds,experienceandaspirationsbasicallymanageinthesameway.(Para.4)Meaning:Therealdifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalemanagersoftensparkarguments.Somepeopledeclarethatgenerallyspeaking,menandwomenofsimilarbackgrounds,experienceandambitionsmanageinthesameway.12Thisviewisechoedbyyoungerwomen,especiallythosewhohaveencounteredlittlegenderdiscrimination.ThatwascertainlythelessonforNicole.(Para.4)Meaning:Thisviewisagreeduponbyyoungwomen,especiallythosewhohaveseldombeentreatedunfairly.Nicolecertainlylearnedalessonfromherexperience.Meaningbeyondwords:Theimplicationisthatmenandwomendomanagedifferently.Onlyyoungwomenwhohaveneverencounteredgenderdiscriminationwouldassumethereisnodifferencebetweenmaleandfemalemanagers.Nicole’spersonalexperiencewouldserveasalessonforyoungwomen.13Whenherfatherdiedofaheartattack,shewasanemployeeatapetroleumproductsexportcompany.Shequitandtookoverherfamily’s160-acrefruitfarminSt.David’sCounty.(Para.4)Meaning:Whenherfatherdiedduetoaheartattack,Nicolestoppedworkingforanexportcompanyofpetroleumproductsandtookcontrolofherfather’s160-acrefruitfarminSt.David’sCounty.Note:Thisisalsoafigurativeuseof“fightingthefires”,whichmeans“todispersethestrikes”.14Onherfirstdayinthefield,aworkercalledher“darling”.“Hewastryingtotestme.Iwasshakingwithanger,”saysNicole,now34.“Istooderectandsaid,‘Youwouldn’thavecalledmyfatherdarlingandyou’renotgoingtotakethatlibertywithme.Ifyoudo,I’llfireyou.’”(Para.4)Meaningbeyondwords:Nicole’spersonalstoryabouthowoneofherworkersaddressedheronherfirstdayinthefielddepictsgenderdiscrimination-baseddisrespect:Menwouldinstinctivelythinktheyaresuperiortowomen,sothemaleworkerdidn’tshowtheappropriaterespecttohisboss,Nicole.15Whenwomenworkforwomen,adifferentdynamicoftentakesover.(Para.5)Meaningbeyondwords:Whenwomenworkfortheirfemalebosses,theycanalwaysseeandexperiencedifferentworkingandcommunicationstylesfromthoseadoptedbytheirmalebosses.Note:Here,“dynamic”meansthesetofforcesthatexistinasituation,especiallyarelationship,andaffecthowitchangesordevelops.Forexample:There’saverysupportivedynamicbetweenthemembersofthegroup.组员们之间互相支持，互相鼓励。16Susan,acashierinaTorontoauctionhouse,saysthatshehasexploredfriendshipswithsomeofherfemalebossesandfeelsshecanrelyonthemmore.(Para.5)Meaningbeyondwords:Susanhasestablishedfriendshipswithsomeofherfemalebossesandfeelsshecantrustthemmorethanmalebosses.17Whilewomenmayfeelmoreateasewithafemaleboss,menoftenhavetomakeconcessionstothenewworkingstyles.(Para.5)Meaning:Althoughwomenfeelmorecomfortableandrelaxedwithafemaleboss,menoftenhavetomakechangesintheirbehaviortoadapttothedifferentworkingstyles.Meaningbeyondwords:Thefactthatmenhavetoadjustthemselveswhentheyhaveafemalebossisprobablybecauseofsomepsychologicalreasonwhichmakesthemfeelsomewhathardtogetalongwiththeoppositesex.18Brian,amarinebiologist,says,“IttookmeacoupleofyearsbeforeIfeltcomfortableenoughtorelaxaroundafemalemanager.Infact,myrelationswithherweremuchmorebusinesslike.”(Para.5)Meaning:Brian,amarinebiologist,saysthatittookhimacoupleofyearsbeforehefeltateaseworkingaroundafemalemanager.Anyway,hisrelationswithherwereofabusinesstypeonly.businesslike:a.effectiveandpracticalinthewaythatyoudothings处事务实的；有效率的；讲究实际的Toteachthestudentsgoodbusinessmanners,thisactivitywashandledinabusinesslikemanner.为了培养学生良好的商务礼仪，这项活动是以务实的方式进行的。Note:Thewordbusinesslike,asexplainedabove,isdifferentfromwordslikechildlike.Similarwordsforyourattention:lifelike(逼真的；栩栩如生的),warlike(好战的；善武的).19Tosomeextent,themale-femaledifferencescomedowntoconflictingstyles.(Para.6)Meaning:Tosomedegree,themale-femaledifferencesinmanagementlieincontradictingworkingstyles.20Onefemalevice-presidentdiscussedthetimesheburstintotearsduringameeting.“Menthinkthattearsareanuclearweaponinaconventionalwar.Theytakeexceptiontoawomancrying,inferringthatshe’sfeelingunhappyorviolated.”(Para.6)Meaning:Onefemalevice-presidenttalkedaboutthetimewhenshecouldnotholdbackhertearsatameeting.Shesaidthatmenconsideredwomen’stearsjustasunfairweapons.Theywereangryatwomenwhowerecryingandthoughtthatthesewomenfeltunhappyoroffended.21Themenfailedtounderstandthatwhatpromptedhertearswasnothurtbutgenuinerage.(Para.6)Meaning:Themendidnotknowwhatmadewomencrywasnotbeinghurtbuttheiranger.22“Whenwecry,it’sbecausewehaveallthisvalidragethathasnoappropriaterelease,”shesays.“Womencry;mengetreliefbygoingonwiththeoffenseorbyveilingtheirfeelingstoappearcomposed.”(Para.6)Meaning:Shesaysthatwomencrybecausetheyhavenowheretoreleasetheirreasonableanger.Whilewomencrymenseektoreleasetheirangerbycontinuingwiththeirattacksonwomenorbyhidingtheirfeelingstolookcalm.Meaningbeyondwords:Thisexamplefurthercontraststhedifferentworkingstylesbetweenmenandwomen,triggeredbytheirpersonalitytraits.23Deborah,presidentofafirmwithitsheadquartersinToronto,saysthatevenifmendounderstand,theysometimesreactdifferentlytotheidenticalinformationandtohercooperativemanagementstyle.(Para.7)Meaning:AccordingtoDeborah,presidentofafirmwithitsmainofficelocatedinToronto,evenifmendounderstandwhywomencry,theysometimesreactdifferentlytosimilarinformationandtohercollaborativestyle.24Deborahsaysthatherauthorityissometimesunderminedbyperceptionsabouthergender.(Para.8)Meaning:AccordingtoDeborah,herauthorityissometimesweakenedbybiasedopinionofwomen.25“Itstemsfromthewholesocialcontextoftraditionalrolesformenandwomen,”shesays.“Momwouldtellyoutodothings,butperhapsyouwouldn’ttakeasmuchnoticeaswhenDadtoldyoutodothings.Menalsohaveastrongerurgetocontrol,”shesays.(Para.8)Meaning:Shesaysthatpeople’sdifferentreactionstowardfemalebossesandmalebossescomefromoursocialbackground:thetraditionalrolesformenandwomen.Peoplewouldpaymoreattentiontowhattheirdadtoldthemtodothanwhattheirmomwouldtellthem.Menalsohaveastrongerdesiretocontrol.26Forfemalebosses,thegreatexpectationofsomefemaleemployeesisonemoreobstacle.Juniorwomenassumeafemalebosswillpromotethemmorequicklythanamanwould.(Para.9)Meaningbeyondwords:Asfemalebossesmanagemorediplomaticallyandoftenseekconsensus,femaleemployeesusuallyexpecttogetpromotedmorequicklybywomenbosses.Thisisanotherobstacleforfemalebosses.27But,theyalsoexpectfemalebossestobemoreself-sufficient.“Theyask,‘Whycan’tyouscanyourownstuff?’or‘Whycan’tyoudoyourownfiling?’”saysoneseniorfemaleexecutive.(Para.9)Meaningbeyondwords:Femaleemployees,however,wouldalsoexpectfemalebossestodomorebythemselvesforthepurposethattheywon’tbebothered.ThisexpectationbyfemaleemployeesisanactofunderminingDeborah’sauthority,anditimplicitlyatteststodisrespectfulbehaviortowardherasaboss.Usagenote:scan,skimscan和skim都可译为“浏览、快读”，都可用作及物和不及物动词，但实际上它们有显著的差别。1scan指“查读”，是根据需要快速扫描出相关的细节。scan用于此义时，可用作及物和不及物动词。例如：Shescannedtheadvertisementpagesofthenewspapers.她很快地查读了报纸上的广告页。Ihaven'treadmuchintoityet.I'veonlyscannedthroughit.我没看多少，只是很快地将它查读了一下。2skim与scan不同，是“略读”，指的是跳过文章的具体细节不看，在短时间内迅速掌握文章的主旨和大意。例如：Ionlyskimmedtheheadlinesofthenewspapereverymorning.每天早晨我只是浏览一下报纸的大标题。IonlyhadtimetoskimthroughthescriptbeforeIflewoverhere.我坐飞机来这里之前，只能很快地浏览了一下这个脚本。比较：Whenreadingapassage,ourEnglishteacheralwaystellsustoskimthepassagefirstinordertogetthegeneralideaandthenscanthepassageagaininordertofindthespecificinformation.在阅读文章时，我们的英语老师总是告诉我们先略读文章以获取文章的大意，然后查读以获得所需的具体信息。28Ontheotherhand,thereisnodisputethatafewdecadesagotheywouldrarelyhavehadafemalebossintheworkplace.(Para.10)Meaning:Despitefemaleemployees’toomanyexpectations,onethingthatgoesbeyondanydisagreementisthattheconditionwouldnothavebeeninplaceafewdecadesago–theycouldhardlygetawomanastheirboss.Sentencestructurenote:“Thereisdisputethat…”结构与“There’snodoubt/need/pointthat…”结构（B2U2,TextB）属于同一句型，基本用法相同。29Nina,amanagementconsultantsaysshe’svaguelyoptimistic.“I’mlookingforwardtotheday,beforeIdie,whenwerecognizethatthebestmanagementstyleswillbecomposedofthebestthatbothgendersbringtothetable…”Well,shepauses,maybenotbeforeshedies,perhapsinherdaughter’slifetime.(Para.10)Meaningbeyondwords:Nina,amanagementadvisersaysshe’skindofoptimisticthatsomeday,beforeshedies,peoplewillunderstandthebestmanagementstylescomefromthecombinationofthebestprovidedbyofbothgenders.However,shegivesthehintthatmaybethisdaywon’tcomesoon;perhapsitwillhappeninherdaughter’slifetime.