英语写作研究
英语写作研究
英语写难,是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点,初次写作的新手可以学习以下的技巧,了解一下学术英语的语言特点,希望对同学们有帮助。XX
英语写作研究XX
一般来说,一篇完整规范的学术由以下**部分构成:XX
Title(标题)
Abstract(摘要)XX
Keywords(关键词)XX
Table of contents() Nomenclature(术语表)
Introduction(引言)
Method(方法)
Results(结果)
Discussion(讨论)
Conclusion(结论)
Acknowledgement(致谢)
Reference()
Appendix(附录)XX
其中 Title,Abstract,Introduction,Method,Result,Discussion,Conclusion,Reference 等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定).在这八项内容中,读者最多的是Title,Abstract和Introduction部分,读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文.也就是说,一篇研究赢得读者的多少,在很大程度上取决于Title,Abstract和Introduction 写得好坏。因此这三项内容将**分章详细加以讲述。XX
学术的正文一般包括Method,Result,Discussion三个部分.这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法,研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件,并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。它具有严密的科学性和客观性,反映一个研究课题的价值,同时提出以后的研究方向。XX
标题的写法
标题是全文内容的缩影.读者通过标题便能够预测的主要内容和作者的意图,从而决定是否阅读全文。因此,为了使文章赢得有关领域里众多的读者,的标题必须用最精炼的语言恰如其分地体现全文的主题和核心。本章主要探讨英语学术标题的语言特点及写法。
6。1 标题的长度
标题 单词总数 名词数 介词数 形容词等XX
1) Fire Resistant Steels for Construction: Design, Properties and Microchemistry 9 6 1 2XX
2) Damping Capacity of Shape Mery Alloy 6 5 1 0XX
3) Microelectroc Assembly and Packaging Technology: Barriers and Needs 8 5 0 3XX
14) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: A Survey 6 4 0 2
5) Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials 7 4 1 2XX
6) puter S**lation and Experimental Study on Cold Shut During ld Filling 11 5 2 4XX
英语科技中,标题不宜过长,大多为8 12个单词左右。
英文引言的写作技巧
学术中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画。引言尽管不像摘要那样有一定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式,但在内容和结构模式上也有需要遵循的规律。本章首先介绍这些规律,然后探讨需要掌握的语言技巧.XX
8.1 引言的内容与结构布局
引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项:XX
介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、状况、目前的水平等;XX
对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述,包括前人的研究成果,已经解决的问题,并适当加以评价或比较;
指出前人尚未解决的问题,留下的技术空白,也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路,从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义;XX
说明自己研究课题的目的;XX
概括的主要内容,或勾勒其大体轮廓。
如何合理安排以上这些内容,将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清楚,并非容易之事.经验告诉我们,引言其实是全文最难写的 部分。这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度,作者的知识是渊博、还是贫乏,研究的意义何在、价值如何等问题,都在引言的字里行间得以充分体现。XX
我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次**排(如图8.1所示)。第一层由研究背景、意义、状况等内容组成,其中还包括某一研究领域的;第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题,从而引出自己的研究动机与意义;第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容;最后是引言的结尾,可以介绍一下的组成部分。XXXX
英语写作研究(2)
1) Introducing the general research area including its background, imrtance, and present level of development XX
2) Reviewing previous research in this area XX
第二层: Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant uestion XX
第三层:Specifying the purse of your research XX
第四层:XX
1) Announcing your major findings
2) Outling the contents of your paper XX
图8。1 引言的结构布局之一
值得注意的是,引言中**个层次所占的篇幅可以有很大差别。这一点与摘要大不一样,摘要中的目的、方法、结果、结论四项内容**自所占的篇幅大体比例一样(见 7。2节)。而在引言中,第一个层次往往占去大部分篇幅.对研究背景和目前的研究状况进行较为详细的介绍。研究目的可能会比较简短。XX
引言与摘要还有一点不同的是,摘要中必须把主要研究结果列出,而在引言中(如果
摘要与正文一同登出)结果则可以省略不写,这是因为正文中专门有一节写结果(results),不必在引言中重复。
下面这段引言的例子摘自一篇混合电动汽车的研究,大部分篇幅介绍研究背景。XX
sample 1XX
A Hybrid Internal bustion Engine/Battery Electric Passenger Car for Petroleum Displacement I。 Forster and J。 R。 Bumby INTRODUCTION [1] The fite nature of the world s oil resources and the general concern about autobile emissions he prompted the adoption of energy conservation licies and emphasized the need to transfer energy demand from oil to other sources of energy, such as natural gas, coal and nuclear. [2] A transfer of energy from oil to electricity can be achieved to a limited extent in the road trans- rt sector by the increased use of electric vehicle。 However, such vehicles are limited in range due to the aunt Of energy that can he realistically stored on-board the vehicle without affecting payload. As a conseuence of this, electric vehicles must he used in s**ations where daily usage is well defined, for example, in urban delivery duty. Indeed, it has been in such vehicles as the urban milk delivery vehicles that electric traction drives he been traditionally applied with a great deal of success。 Currently the demand is for urban electric vehicles to he developed with greater traffic patibility in terms of speed and range。
分析:第一层(第1 5段):介绍混合电动汽车的研究背景、意义、目前的水平,需要解决的问题等。第1段:指出混合电动汽车的研究背景。世界石油**的有限性及人们对汽车排放问题的广泛关注使得能源转换问题尤为重要。第2段:使用电动汽车能够从某种程度上实现能源转换。但问题是电动汽车的续驶里程比内燃机车短。所以目前要解决的问题是提高电动汽车的速度和续驶里程。XX
[3] Although urban delivery vehicle applications will help to reduce the dependence of the road transrt sector on petroleum-based fuels, the major part of this market reuires vehicles that are not limited in range and he a performance patible with internal bustion, i。e。 engine vehicles. The use of advanced traction battery technology to overe the range limitation of electric vehicles is one ssible solution. However, this would still result in a vehicle limited in range and may in itself create additional problems. For example, due to the much greater on- board stored energy, the rging time reuired will be greater than at present。 [4] The range limitations of the pure electric vehicle can be overe by using a hybrid i.c。 engine/electric drive which incorrates both an i.c. engine and an electric traction system. Al— though such a vehicle can be designed to meet a number of objectives, it has been argued that a vehicle which seeks to reve the range limitation of the electric vehicle while subst**ting a substantial aunt of petroleum fuel by electrical energy is the vehicle st worth pursuing. With the emphasis of the vehicle design on the electric drive train, the intention may be to operate i
n an all—electric de under urban conditions and to use the i.c. engine for long—distance torway driving。 The hybrid de could then he used for extending urban range and/or improving vehicle accelerative performance on accelerator kick-down.[5] The concept of a hybrid electric vehicle capable of subst**ting petroleum fuel is not new,XX
第3段:市场要求电动汽车的续驶里程及工作性能与内燃机汽车媲美,但是,即使先进电池可以提高电动汽车的续驶里程,但还会有一些问题不能解决. 第4段:续驶里程可以通过使用混合电动汽车来提高。混合电动汽车上既装有内燃机,又装有电动驱动系统,在必要时使用其中一种系统.第5段:回顾并评述前人混合电动汽车XX
Bosch and Volkswagen hing built vehicles in the 1970s. re r**ntly, the advent of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Denstration Programme in the Uted States of America itiated the design and construction of a r Term Hybrid Vehicle (NTHV) with the principal aim of subst**ting petroleum fuel by wall plug electricity。 [6] As part of the NTHV programme, a large number of conceptual studies were conducted but on vehicles aimed at the American passenger car market。 In this paper optimization studies were conducted, but now on a vehicle suitable for the European medium-sized passenger car market. Such optimization studies are imrtant as, with two sources of traction wer ailable, the way in which they are controlled, and their relative sizing, is fundamental to the way the vehicle performs.
[7] Before examing in detail the opt**m control strategy for the drive train, Section 2 defines the hybrid arrangement under study. A description of the optimization process using an approXX
摘要的写作技巧
英文摘要(Abstract)的写作应用很广。不仅参加国际学术会议、向国际学术刊物要写摘要,国内级别较高的学术期刊也要求附上英文摘要。学位更是如此。摘要是全文的精华,是对一项科学研究工作的总结,对研究目的、方法和研究结果的概括.本章主要介绍摘要的组成部分、写作方法、**部分的语言特点以及典型句型。XX
1. 摘要的种类与特点XX
摘要主要有以下四种。
第一种是随同一起在学术刊物上发表的摘要。这种摘要置于主体部分之前,目的是让读者首先了解一下的内容,以便决定是否阅读全文.一般来说,这种摘要在全文完成之后写.字数限制在100~150字之间.内容包括研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和主要结论。XX
第二种是学术会议摘要。会议摘要往往在会议之前几个月撰写,目的是交给会议评审委员会评阅,从而决定是否能够录用。所以,比第一种略为详细,长度在200 300字之间.会议摘要的开头有必要简单介绍一下研究课题的意义、目的、宗旨等。如果在写摘要时,研究工作尚未完成,全部研究结果还未得到,那么,应在方法、目的、宗旨、假设等方面多花笔墨。
第三种为学位摘要.学士、硕士和博士摘要一般都要求用中、英文两种语言写。学位摘要一般在400字左右,根据需要可以分为几个段落。内容一般包括研究背景、意义、主旨和目的;基本理论依据,基本假设;研究方法;研究结果;主要创新点;简短讨论。不同级别的学位摘要,要突出不同程度的创新之处,指出有何新的观点、见解或解决问题的新方法。XX
第四种是脱离原文而发表的摘要。这种摘要更应该具有性、自含性、完整性.读者无需阅读全文,便可以了解全文的主要内容.
以上四种摘要具有许多共性。无论哪种摘要,内容一般都包括:XX
(1)目的(objectives,purses):包括研究背景、范围、内容、要解决的问题及解决这一问题的重要性和意义。XX
(2)方法(methods and materials):包括材料、手段和过程.
(3)结果与简短讨论(results and discussions):包括数据与分析。XX
(4)结论(conclusions):主要结论,研究的价值和意义等.XX
无论哪种摘要,语言特点和文体风格也都相同.首先必须符合格式规范.第二,语言必须规范通顺,准确得体,用词要确切、恰如其分,而且要避免非通用的符号、缩略语、生偏词。另外,摘要的语气要客观,不要作出言过其实的结论.
下面从内容、结构布局和语言特点三方面着手,讨论摘要的写作方法和技巧。
2。 摘要的内容与结构XX
一般来说,摘要必须包括研究目的,研究方法,研究结果,主要结论等内容.也就是说,摘要必须回答 研究什么 、 怎么研究 、 得到了什么结果 、 结果说明了什么 等问题。
2。1 学术期刊摘要
这种摘要随同全文一起发表,简短精炼是其主要特点。只需简明扼要地将研究目的、方法、结果和结论分别用1~2句话加以概括即可(如图所示)。至于研究背景或宗旨应在的Introduction部分较详细介绍,不必在摘要里介绍。XX
TitleXX
Author(s), address
Objectives,purse,hythesesXX
Methods,materials,proceduresXX
Results,data,observations,discussion
Conclusions
期刊摘要结构布局XX
例1。
DOES ALUMINUM ENTER THE LIUID OONTAINEDXX
IN P CANS AND ALUMINUM COOKWARE?
Dael T. ssXX
Campbell, 353 North King St., Xea OH 45385
Objective: 1This investigation was performed to see if the aluminum in p cans (易拉罐)and aluminum cookware enters the liuid they contain. It was hythesized that aluminum does enter the liuids in aluminum cans and cookware. Methods and Materials: This experiment was performed by testing seven different types of carbonated beverages and water boiled in aluminum cookware for three hours. Every hour a sample was reved for testing. The cookware consisted of a new and old aluminum t. The colorimetric method was used to determine the concentration of aluminum。 Results: The results showed that aluminum was present in carbonated beverages and in the water boiled in the cookware。 Conclusions: It was concluded that aluminum existed in carbonated beverages and substances cooked in aluminum cookware, and that the concentration of aluminum increased with time. (126 words) (本章选文中黑体部分为编者注.)
分析:
本摘要共8句话,126个词。第1句话指出了研究目的:装在易拉罐或铝制炊具中的液体是否含有铝。第2句是假设,铝可能真的会进人装在铝制罐子或炊具中的液体之中。第3~6句是实验材料、时间与方法。第7句是实验结果。第8句是结论:存放于铝制容器或炊具中的液体内含有铝,而且存放的时间越长,铝含量越高。
例1中的主要句型结构如下:XX
This investigation was performed to see 表示研究目的
It was hythesized that 表示假设XX
This experiment was performed by testing 表示实验过程和方法
The colorimetric method was used to determine 表示测量方法XX
The results showed that 表示实验结果XX
It was concluded that 表示结论
例2XX
FACTORS INVOLVED IN AG:
CAROTENOID INTAKE, EYE COLOR, ANDGIRTH MEASUREMENTS
C。 A. Greenell and D。 M。 SpillmanXX
Department of Physical Education, Health and Srts Studies,
Phillops Hall, Miami Uversity, Oxford Oh 45056
Objective: This study investigates ssible effects of high intake of carotenoids(类胡罗卜素), eye color, and girth measurements(眼睛大小)on primary open angle glaua (AG 青光眼). Methods and Materials: Researchers designed a uestionnaire that inuired about diet and family and personal health history。 This uestionnaire was admistered to 250 individuals suffering from glaua. Results and Discussion: The dietary data suggested a ssible correlation between low hab**al intake of vitamin A, E, and C and higher risk of AG. In addition, the number of persons suffering from AG with blue eye color was sigficantly higher than those with brown or green. Finally, a ssible association was suggested concerng girth measurements: those persons with prortionately larger than normal girth measurements may be re likely to suffer from AG. (117 words)
分析:
本摘要只有6句话,117个词。第1句话明确指出研究目的:说明类胡萝卜素的摄人量大、眼睛颜色及眼睛大小与青光眼的关系。第2 3句是研究方法与研究对象.方法是
通过调查问卷,研究对象是250名青光眼患者.第4~6句话每句话是调查结果:
1) 维生素A、E、C摄人量低可能与青光眼发病率高有关系;
2) 蓝眼睛青光眼患者的比例远远超过棕色眼睛或绿色眼睛青光眼患者;
3) 眼睛过大的人患青光眼的可能性更大。
本摘要中的主要句型结构:
This study investigates 表示研究内容或目的
XX
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