三明治

sandwich本来是英国东南部一个不出名的小镇，镇上有一位Earl of Sandwich名叫John Montagu，他是个酷爱玩纸牌的人，他整天沉溺于纸牌游戏中，已经到了废寝忘食的地步。仆人很难侍候他的饮食，便将一些菜肴、鸡蛋和腊肠夹在两片面包之间，让他边玩牌边吃饭。

没想到Montagu见了这种食品大喜，并随口就把它称作“sandwich”，以后饿了就喊：“拿sandwich来！”其他赌徒也争相仿效，玩牌时都吃起sandwich来。不久，sandwich就传遍了英伦三岛，并传到了欧洲，后来又传到了美国

History Olive and red tomato sandwich

The modern concept of a sandwich using slices of bread (as found within the Western World) can arguably be traced to 18th century Europe. However, the use of some kind of bread or bread-like substance to lie under (or under and over) some other food, or used to scoop up and enclose or wrap some other type of food, long predates the 18th century, and is found in numerous much older cultures worldwide.

The ancient Jewish sage Hillel the Elder is said to have wrapped meat from the Paschal lamb and bitter herbs between two pieces of old-fashioned soft matzah—flat, unleavened bread—during Passover in the manner of a modern sandwich wrap made

with flatbread.[9] Flat breads of only slightly varying kinds have long been used to scoop or wrap small amounts of food en route from platter to mouth throughout Western Asia and northern Africa. From Morocco to Ethiopia to India, bread is baked in flat rounds, contrasting with the European loaf tradition.

During the Middle Ages in Europe, thick slabs of coarse and usually stale bread, called \"trenchers\dog or to beggars at the tables of the wealthy, and eaten by diners in more modest circumstances. The immediate culinary precursor with a direct connection to the English sandwich was to be found in the Netherlands of the 17th century, where the

naturalist John Ray observed[11] that in the taverns beef hung from the rafters \"which they cut into thin slices and eat with bread and butter laying the slices upon the butter\"— explanatory specifications that reveal the Dutch belegde broodje, open-faced sandwich, was as yet unfamiliar in England.

Initially perceived as food that men shared while gaming and drinking at night, the sandwich slowly began appearing in polite society as a late-night meal among

the aristocracy. The sandwich's popularity in Spain and England increased dramatically during the 19th century, when the rise of industrial society and the working classes made fast, portable, and inexpensive meals essential.[12]

It was at the same time that the European-stye sandwich finally began to appear outside of Europe. In the United States, the sandwich was first promoted as an elaborate meal at supper. By the early 20th century, as bread became a staple of the American diet, the sandwich became the same kind of popular, quick meal as was already widespread in the Mediterranean.

Etymology

The first written usage of the English word appeared in Edward Gibbon's journal, in longhand, referring to \"bits of cold meat\" as a \"Sandwich\".[13] It was named after John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, an 18th-century English aristocrat. It is said that he ordered his valet to bring him meat tucked between two pieces of bread, and others began to order \"the same as Sandwich!\"[6][7] It is commonly said that Lord Sandwich was fond of this form of food because it allowed him to continue playing cards, particularly cribbage, while eating, without using a fork, and without getting his cards greasy from eating meat with his bare hands.[6]

The rumour in its familiar form appeared in Pierre-Jean Grosley's Londres (Neichatel, 1770), translated as A Tour to London 1772;[14]Grosley's impressions had been formed during a year in London in 1765. The sober alternative is provided by Sandwich's biographer, N. A. M. Rodger, who suggests Sandwich's commitments to the navy, and to politics and the arts, mean the first sandwich was more likely to have been consumed at his desk.

Before being known as sandwiches, this food combination seems to simply have been known as \"bread and meat\" or \"bread and cheese\".[6]

传说，三明治的命名是因为18世纪英国贵族约翰·孟塔古，三明治伯爵，虽然不太可能由他发明。据说三明治伯爵极度喜欢玩桥牌，常常玩得废寝忘餐，伯爵夫人为了方便丈夫在玩桥牌时容易取食，特地发明出三明治这种食物[1]。伯爵的朋友品尝过后大声叫好，不过三明治伯爵倒不甚了了，由于这种食物没有名字，所以伯爵的朋友们将其命名为三明治，三明治也迅速流行于英国社交界，不过据说，三明治伯爵因此而惹了十分多麻烦，他显然不太喜欢以自己的封号作食物名称。他的伯爵领地名字来自英国肯特郡三明治村，名字来源自古英语Sandwic，意思是“满是沙子的地方”。