非谓语动词

定义：指不能独立作谓语的动词。包括动词不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。

基本区别：动词不定式含有目的性，将来性；现在分词表主动与进行的概念，过去分词表被动与完成的概念。

一、 不定式

1、动词不定式的时态与语态（以动词do为例） 时态形式 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式 主动语态形式 to do to have done to be doing 被动语态形式 to be done to have been done to being done 2、动词不定式的时态（它的时间是以句中位于动词的时间为依据）

1）、一般式（所表示的动作或存在的状态发生在谓语动词之后，或同时发生） Eg. ①.They want to have a rest （他们想休息一会儿）

②.I believe him to be an expert （我相信他是位专家）

③.He was helping me (to) study English yesterday afternoon.（他昨天下午在帮我学习英语）

2）、进行式（表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词的动作同时进行） Eg. ①.she seems to be worrying something.(她似乎在担心什么事)

②.He is said to be writing a novel （据说他在写小说）

③.He pretended to be listening to me carefully.（他假装认真地听我讲）

3)、完成式（所表示的动作或存在的状态发生在句子谓语动词所表示的动作之前） Eg. ①.I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.（对不起，让你久等了）

②.He is said to have arrived.（据说他已经到了）

③.He pretended to have finished his homework.（他假装已经完成了家庭作业）

注意：intend, mean, be, wish等词的过去式后的不定式的完成式表示没实现的想法、希望、打算等. Eg. ①. I meant to have visited him yesterday.(我本想昨天去看望他)

②. I was to have been a nurse（我本想当护士）

3、动词不定式的被动语态

Eg. ①.what is to be done next?(下一步干什么？)

②.The football match on this Sunday is to be canceled.（这个星期天的足球赛被迫取消）

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③.What he said is to be proved by the witness.（他所说的将由证人来证实）

4、动词不定式的否定式（not/never + to do）

5、动词不定式和疑问句连用（结构为：特殊疑问词+to+动词原形） Eg. ①.I don’t know when to leave. 6、动词不定式的复合结构 Eg. ①.It’s for you to decide.

②.It Is very kind of you to help me.

③.He spoke slowly enough for them to follow him.

7、动词不定式的语法功能（它具有名词、形容词和副词的语法功能特征，它可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语） 1）、主语

Eg. ①. To be a good teacher is not easy.

②.To see is to believe

③.To say is one thing, and to do is another.

注意：动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语代替 Eg. ①.It’s a good pleasure to se you again

②.To see you again is a pleasure.

2）、表语

Eg. ①. To learn English is to use it.

②.My wish is to become a scientist ③.Her job is to teach French.

④.The most important thing today is too the garden.

3）、宾语

一些及物动词后须跟不定式，如：agree, aim, apply, arrange, choose, claim, decide, demand, desire, determine, endeavour, expect, fail, happen, neglect, plan, seem, attempt, hope, hesitate, learn, manage, offer, pledge, prepare, pretend, profess, promise, prove, refuse, resolve, seek, swear, tend, threaten, undertake, venture, volunteer, vow等

一些形容词后不定式作形容词的宾语，这样的形容词有：glad, pleased, nice, ready, eager, able, anxious, sure, afraid, sorry, willing, free, kind等 Eg. ①.I’m pleased to see you

②.He was eager to know it

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③.She is afraid to be home alone

4）、定语(放在名词或代词之后) Eg. ①.Have you got anything to say about it?

②.She said that she had an important meeting to attend. ③.The farmers thought of ways to save their crops

5）、状语

Eg. ①.They stopped to have a rest (表目的)

②.Now a few people live to be one hundred years old.（表结果） ③.I was deeply shocked to learn the death of Mao Zedong.（表原因）

注意：

（1）、不定式（短语）用作目的状语时，可位于句首，也可以位于句中，如in order to/to, 和so as to（只能位于句中）

（2）、在不定式前加only可表示未曾预料到的结果 Eg. ①. I woke up only to find myself in hospital.

②.He came into the cave only to see many snakes.

（3）、表示办不到的结果时，可用 too ┅ to 结构表示 6）、宾语补足语

Eg. ①.I like you to do it this way.

②.Please ask him to turn off the radio.

③.He told me to ask for a leave for him.

(v +sb to do)rely on, arrange for，advise, allow, forbid, permit, recommend, require, urge,

Consider, declare, find, prove think, believe, discover, feel, imagine, judge, suppose, understand等表示心理状态的动词， 其后的不定式总是带to be,有时to be 可以省略，这类结构都可与that-分句进行转换 Eg. ①.we considered him to be a good officer

②.The accused declared himself to be innocent. ③.We considered him (o be) foolish.

④. they believed him to be insane =they believed that he was insane

8、特殊 不带to

1)、would rather/ would sooner / would(just) as soon (宁愿)/ may/ might as well (不妨，可以)，cannot but/ cannot help but(不能不)等情态成语之后跟不带to的不定式。 Eg. ①.I’ d rather not have eggs and bacon（腌肉） for breakfast

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②.I’d sooner saty at home. ③.I would as soon do it by myself.

④.Since it’s a fine day we might as well walk. ⑤.We could not but weep at the sad news. ⑥.You can’t help but respect them.

2）、would rather/would sooner/ would (just) as soon 之后也跟that/as 分句“宁愿┅而不愿”。在这种than/as 分句中用不带to不定式。（若出现在其他位置，to可带也可不带） Eg. ①.He would rather listen to othes than talk himself.

②.He would sooner play than work. ③.I would just as soon as go.

3)、在rather than/ sooner than之后, “宁可┅而不”。置于句首，其后跟不带to不定式 Eg. ①.Rather than cause trouble, he left.

②.Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress.

当出现在句中其他位置时，其后不定式to可带可不带。 Eg. ①.He decided to write rather than telephone.

②.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.

4)、固定make believe（假装）, make do (with/on)（凑合，将就，靠┅维持）let drop/let fall（有意无意说出）,let fly (at)（发出，射出）, let slip（无意说出，错过机会）,let go (of)/leave go of（放开，放手）,hear tell (of)（听说）,let┅/go hang（见鬼去吧，才不在乎） Eg. ①.Let’s make believe we have a million dollars.

②.We hadn’t time for luncheon, but we made do with sandwiches. ③.They are not rich, but they make do on(靠┅维持生活）what they have。 ④.Don’t let go of the handle.

5）、使役动词 let/ make/have +宾语之后用不带to不定式 Eg.①.We can’t let this go on.

②.I will not let my children be treated in that way ③.He won’t have us criticize his work.

当使役动词为被动语态时，不带to不定式转为带to不定式。 Eg. John made her tell him everything.—she was made to tell him everything. 6）、感观动词see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch + 宾语+ do Eg.①.Oh, Robert, I didn’t hear you say that.

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②.The two boys were sorry indeed to see him go ③.They didn’t observe Christine come in and go upstairs. ④.We feel the house shake.

当感观动词为被动语态时，不带to不定式转为带to不定式. Eg. They saw him enter the building. — He was seen to enter the building. 7）、look at/ listen to+宾语之后用不带to不定式. Eg. ①.Look at the boy jump!

②.Do you like listening to other people talk?

8）、在have known +宾语之后用不带to不定式. Eg. ①.I have never known that man smile.

②.Have you ever known him tell a lie?

为被动语态时，不带to不定式转为带to不定式 Eg .①.That man has never been known to smile.

9）、在except/but之后,得看他们之前的动词是否是to do类动词(如do, does, done, did, doing)若是则省，反之。 Eg.①.They did nothing except work.

②.There’s no choice but to wait.

10）、why┅/ why not ┅? , had better/best之后用不带to不定式. Eg. Why argue with me?

9、to是介词

1）、动词+ 介词to

add to（增加）, agree to（同意，答应，允诺）, adhere to（坚持）, admit to（承认，供认）,allude to（暗示）,amount to（总计，等于）, attend to（注意，照顾）, attest to（证明）, bow to（向┅低头）, cling to（坚守）, come to（到达，涉及到）, correspond to（相当于，等于）, confess to（承认，供认）, consent to（同意，答应，允诺）, contribute to（有助于，促成）, object to（反对，不赞成）,get to（开始做某事）, pertain to（属于）, react to（反应）, resort to（诉诸）, revert to（恢复旧习惯）, refer to（提及）, relate to（与┅有关系）, submit to顺从，屈服）, succeed to（继承）, stick to（坚持，继续）, swear to（强调地说）, take to（从事，耽与）, trust to（依靠，依赖）, witness to（出庭作证，证实）, yield to（让步，屈服） Eg. ①.Keeping what belongs to another amounts to stealing.

②.Ann’s father would not consent to her marrying a foreigner. ③.She confessed to having a dread of spiders. ④.He admitted to having taken the money.

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⑤.He’s stopped taking drugs now, but he may revert to taking them again. ⑥.Mary took to being out frequently in the evening. ⑦.He witnessed to having seen the man enter the room. ⑧.Mary’s father has agreed to her marrying John. ⑨.He swore to having paid for the goods.

⑩.When it comes to helping his wife with the housework, John never grumbles.

⑾.Lying in bed, unable to sleep, I got to thinking how nice it would be to go away and start a new life.

2）、动词+名词/代词+介词to

ascribe┅to（归因于）， apply┅to（致力于）, attribute┅to（归因于）, abbreviate ┅to （缩写为），accustom ┅┅to（使习惯于）, confine┅to（限于┅┅范围内）, commit┅to使负有责任）, devote┅to（致力于）, dedicate┅to（奉献）, owe┅to（归功于）, prefer┅to（较喜欢）, reconcile┅to（安于）, reduce┅to（使变小，降低）, resign┅to（听任）,

Eg. ①.He attributes his success to hard work/working hard.

②.He has devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind. ③.I have committed myself to helping him/ ④.The doctor devoted himself to finding a cure. ⑤.You must accustom yourself to getting up early.

⑥.He has resigned himself to never being able to walk again. ⑦.He applied himself to learning English.

⑧.It is hard to reconcile oneself to being sick a long time.

3)、动词+过去分词+介词to

be reduced to（落到，使变小）, be accustomed to（惯于）, be abbreviated to（缩写为）, be resigned to（听任）, be reconciled to（甘心于，顺从）, be devoted to（致力于，热爱）, be given to（喜欢，癖好）, be used to（习惯于，适应于）

Eg, ①.He is resigned to losing the competition.

②.I’m now quite reconciled to living in London. ③.He was reduced to begging for food.

4）、动词+副词+介词to

get round to （找到时间做某事）, get down to（开始认真做某事）, get near to（几乎，接近于）, face up to（勇敢地面对）, feel up to（有条件/适合做某事）, look forward. To（盼望，期待） Eg. ①.Their eldest son is returning from Britain to Australian for good, to get down to managing the estate.

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②.After a long delay, He got round to writing the letter. ③.His suggestions went very near to resolving our dilemma. ④.I’m so tired I don’t think I feel up to going shopping today. ⑤.We’re looking forward to seeing you again.

5）、形容词+介词to

adjacent to（毗连）, averse to（嫌恶）, deaf to（不愿意听）, equal to（有力量，能力等）, loyal to（忠于）, preferable to（较合人意）, similar to（类似，相同）, superior to（优于，胜过）, sensitive to（敏感）, tantamount to（相当于）

Eg. ①.That’s tantamount to saying that you do not agree.

②.Whatever you may say, she is deaf to reasoning.

6）、名词+介词to

obstacle to（障碍）, limit to（限度）, aid to（辅助）, objection to（反对）, indifference to（不关心）, key to（解答，关键）, answer to（回答，答复）, hinderance to（阻碍） Eg. ①.Your lack of experience will prove a hinderance to your earning a livelihood.

②.The classroom is provided with some visual aids to teaching English.

7）复杂介词短语

according to（根据，按照）, as to（关于）, owing to（因为，由于）, preliminary to（在┅以前）, preparatory to（为┅准备）, previous to（在┅以前）, prior to（在┅以前）, thanks to（由于，多亏）, in addition to（除┅以外）, in relation to（论及，关于）, with a view to（为┅目的）, with an eye to（为┅起见，意在） Eg. ①.He wrote to me preliminary to visiting me.

②.He went to night school preparatory to attending college. ③.He lit his cigar previous to learning the house.

④.In addition to seeing a lot of historical sites, he called on a lot of old friends while he was in Washington. ⑤.Father spoke about school in relation to finding a job when we are older ⑥.I am writing with a view to finding out whether you have any news about my son. ⑦.He bought the old house with an eye to making it a hotel.

10、有些名词+to do

ability, agreement, ambition, anxiety, curiosity, disposition（意向）, mind, obligation, permission, refusal, reluctance, temptation, tendency, wish等 有些名词+介词+ing分词

aptitude(资质), delay, difficulty, excuse, experience, interest, genius, habit, hope, idea, method, motive, object,

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passion, plan, possibility, skill, success等

Eg. ①.Edison had a great aptitude for inventing new things.

②.Have you much experience in teaching English? ③.There is no hope of winning the game.

④.We must improve our method of teaching foreign languages. ⑤.A hundred years ago, few people believed in the possibility of flying.

二、动名词

1、动名词的时态与语态（以动词do为例） 时态形式 一般式 完成式 2、动名词的时态形式

1）、动名词的一般式（所表示的动作或存在的状态与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词之后）

Eg. ①.We like playing football.

②.They spend a lot of time in reading English every morning.

主动语态 doing having done 被动语态 being done having been done 2）、动名词的完成式（所表示的动作或存在的状态发生在谓语动词的时间之前）

Eg. ①.Do you regret having done that?

②.Having put on his hat, he left home with the door open.

注意：如果动名词所表示的动作在谓语动词之前就发生。切持续到谓语动词发生时，仍可能持续，也可用动名词的完成进行时形式，其结构为：having been done Eg. ①.Having been living here for many years, he knows everybody in town. 3、动名词的否定式（在它前加not）

4、动名词的被动式（动名词有主动式和被动式两种，主动式表示他的逻辑主语是动作的执行者，如果逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，应用被动式。一般情况下，这个逻辑主语是句子的主语） Eg. ①.Being forced by the invaders, they’re leaving their homeland.

②.We can not bear being treated like animals, we must fight.

注意：deserve, be worth, want, need, require (+ doing/ to be done)等次词后可用主动表示被动意义，和被动式无多大区别。

Eg. ①.This novel is worth reading.

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②.This bridge requires rebuilding.=to be rebuilt

5、动名词的复合结构（形容词性物主代词或名词所有格+动名词，形容词性物主代词或名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语）

Eg. ①.Do you mind my smoking here?

②.The mother was looking forward to her son’s coming back.

③.Please forgive me for my having troubled you so much.

6、动名词的语法功能（主语，表语，宾语，定语） 1）、主语

Eg. ①.Seeing is believing

②.Saving is having

③.Smoking is a bad habit

当动名词（短语）作主语时，可用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句后

Eg.①.Writing a headline in English is more important than in Chinese.

①.It’ s more difficult writing a headline in English than in Chinese

It is no use /no good/ fun +动名词 2）、表语

Eg. ①.The only thing for you is leaving for Beijing.

②.What he likes is taking a walk after supper. ③.His wish is traveling around the world.

3）、宾语

Eg. ①. He suggested doing it in another way.

②.You should give up smoking.

③.They couldn’t help laughing, when they saw the joker.

4）、定语

Eg. ①.Every solider is at his fighting post.

②.They set up an operating table in a tent.

7、动名词与不定式的区别。

1)、动名词着重进程，不定式着重结果

2）、动名词表示一般或经常性动作，不定式表示具体的或一次性动作。 Eg. ①. I like cooking, but I don’t like to cook for you. (我喜欢做饭，但我不愿给你做饭) 3)、意义不同

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mean to do(打算)，mean doing(意味着)；

forget to do(忘记要做的)， forget doing（忘记做过的） remember to do（记得要做的）, remember doing（记得做过的） go on to do（继续做同一件事）, go on doing（继续做另外一件事） stop to do（停下来去做另外的事）, stop doing（停止正在做的事） regret to do（后悔要做某事）, regret doing（后悔做过的事）

7．固定搭配trick / mislead / sham / surprise / talk / trap / beguile / blackmail / cajole / coerce / prevent / deceive / fool sb into doing sth.

save / stop / prevent / keep / restrain sb from doing sth. （变被动时，介词不省）

三、分词（现在分词与过去分词）

一）、现在分词（有一般式，完成式，还有主动与被动） 1、现在分词的时态和语态

1）、现在分词的一般式(所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生) Eg. ①. I heard her singing a pop song in the next room.（我听见她在隔壁房里唱一首流行歌曲）

②.Seeing nobody on the island, he was disappointed.（他在岛上没见到任何人，感到失望） ③.Sorry to keep you waiting so long.（对不起，让你久等了）

2）、现在分词的完成式(所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前)

Eg. ①. Having been there for a time, he has some friends there.（由于在那呆过一段时间，他字那儿有一些朋友）

②.Having done the work well, she was praised.（由于工作做得好，她受到了表扬）

3）、现在分词的被动式.

Eg. ①.Having been beaten by his father, the boy didn’t dare to go home（由于挨了父亲的打，这孩子不敢回家）

②.I saw the book being taken away by someone.（我看到书被人拿走了）

2、现在分词的用法（表语，定语，状语，宾语补足语）

1）、表语（现在分词具有形容词的特征，它可以在句中作表语，说明主语的性质和特征。这种现在分词已经变成形容词，可以有他的比较级和最高级，也可以被very及其他副词修饰。不能用to do 来换） Eg. ①.The news is encouraging.（这消息令人鼓舞）

②.His speech was very exciting.（他的讲话令人振奋）

③.This film is more moving than novel.（这部电影比小说更感人）

2）、定语（现在分词可以在句中作定语，如果是单个的词，一般放在它所修饰的名词之前：如果是现在分词短语，须放在它所修饰的名词之后，相当于一个定语从句。也就是说，一般情况下，一个定语从句可以

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用一个现在分词短语来简化，或者说一个作定语的现在分词短语可以扩充成一个定语从句。 Eg. ①.She is a charming girl.（她是一个招人喜爱的女孩）

②.The increasing number of China’s population is the most important problem now.（日益增长的中国人口是现在最重要的问题）

注意：动名词和现在分词作定语时的区别

它们在词的形式上完全相同。动名词做定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的用途；现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，相当于定语从句，而且它所修饰的名词是它的逻辑主语 Eg. a sleeping child(现在分词) a reading room(动名词)

3）状语（时间，条件，原因，方式，伴随，结果，目的，让步等）

Eg. ①.Having finished his homework, he played basketball. ( 时间状语)（做完作业后，他去打篮球）

②.Working with him, I found him an helpful man. ( 时间状语)（与他一起工作，我发现他乐于助人） ③.Being ill yesterday, I stayed in bed all day. ( 原因状语)（昨天我病了，一整天都在床上） ④.Living in city, I feel very busy. ( 原因状语)（生活在城里。我们感到很忙）

⑤.Seeing that it was snowing, he took an umbrella with him. ( 原因状语)（鉴于下雪，他带了把伞） ⑥.You will feel more tired keeping on your feet, please sit down（条件状语）（站着会感到很累，请坐下） ⑦.I don’t want to take a bus, I will be better walking. （条件状语）（我不想坐车，我走路会觉得更舒服些） ⑧.It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in China.（结果状语）（大雨滂沱，造成了中国洪水泛滥） ⑨.The dog was running up to me breathing heavily. (伴随)（狗喘着大气向我跑来）

⑩.She went out of the room shutting the door behind her.(伴随)(她走出房间，随手将门关上)

4）宾语补足语（作以下动词的宾语补足语：feel, hear, notice, smell, observe, watch, see, look at, listen to, have, get, leave, start, set, keep, catch等表示感觉意义的词和一些使役动词。 Eg. ①. I felt something moving under my feet.

②.The teacher was watching her children playing games. ③.Can you hear the birds singing in the tree? ④.We won’t have you talking in that way. ⑤.Father caught me smoking again.

5）现在分词与不定式作补语的区别（在感观动词和使役动词后加不带to的不定式表示动作已经完成，而v-ing表示动作正在进行） 二）、过去分词（及物动词）

1、过去分词的语法功能（起形容词的作用，表语，定语，宾语补足语和状语）

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1）表语

Eg. ①. The shoes are broken.

②.He is gone. ③.You are mistaken.

④.They got very exhausted, and have to stop for a rest.

2）、定语（过去分词作定语时，如果是单个词，一般放在所修饰名词之前，如果是过去分词短语，须放在名词之后，相当于一个被动语态形式的定语从句。 Eg. ①.Complete the sentence with the given words.

②.Polluted water and air is very harmful to your health. ③.The restored temple is open to the public agan. ④.The guests invited by him are coming one after another. ⑤.The workers demand increased wages.

3）、宾语补足语(过去分词作宾语补足语时，它前面的宾语是它的逻辑宾语，或者说宾语是这个过去分词动作的承受者。)

Eg. ①. I have my hair cut once a month.

②.She suddenly found her wallet stolen ③.He was found arrested by police last night

4）、状语

Eg. ①. Asked why he did it, he made no answer.（时间）（问他为什么时，他没回答）

②.Once loved, she can never be forgotten. （条件）（一旦爱过她，就会永远不忘）

③.Seen from the hill, the city is covered by polluted air.（条件）（从山上望去，这座城市被污染的空气所笼罩） ④.Inspired by the teacher, he has made great progress.（原因（在老师的鼓励下，他已经取得了很大进步） ⑤.He came running back to tell me the good news.（方式）（他跑回来告诉我这个好消息） ⑥He hurried out of his house, followed by a dog.=

He hurried out of his house, he was followed by a dog. .（过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，可以互换）

2、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别

1）、语态不同（现在分词表示主动语态，及物动词的过去分词表示被动意义） Eg. ①.Who is the man walking along the river?

②.What is the language spoken in Canada?

2）时态不同（现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示动作已经完成）

Eg. ①the developing country(一个发展中国家)

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②the developed country（一个发达国家） ③the changing world（正在变化的世界） ④the changed world（已经变化了的世界）

3）、现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义

Eg.①the exploited class（被剥削阶级）

②the exploiting class（剥削阶级） ③the moving story（一个动人的故事） ④the moved story（一个手感动的人）

独立主格结构(独立分词结构)

The discussion completed, the Chairman adjourned the meeting for half an hour. I.

基本概念

独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。

独立主格结构的构成： 名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词； 名词（代词）+形容词； 名词（代词）+副词； 名词（代词）+不定式；

名词（代词） +介词短语构成。 独立主格结构的特点：

1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。

3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.

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考试结束了，我们开始放假。

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。

The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。

He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆

现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。如：

The man lay there, his hands trembling.

有时，现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。如：

The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing.

2．名词（或代词） + 过去分词

过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。如：

The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head.

3．名词（或代词） + 形容词（短语）

形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态等。如：

The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.

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1．名词（或代词） + 现在分词

4．名词（或代词） + 副词

副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。如：

The meeting over, we all went home.

5．名词（或代词） + 介词短语

The teacher came in, a book in his hand.

6．名词（或代词） + 不定式（短语）

不定式表示将来的动作。如：

He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.

有时独立主格结构中名词前的定语可以省略。如：

The boy sat quietly in the office, (his) eyes closed/(a) book in (his) hand.

（二）独立主格结构的作用

1．作状语

1）表示时间

His homework done（=After his homework was done），Mary decided to go shopping.

2）表示原因

There being no buses（=Because there were no buses），we had to walk home.

3）表示条件

Weather permitting（=If weather permits），we’ll go to play basketball.

4）表示方式或伴随

He sat at the table, head down.

2．作同位语

Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.

3．作定语

Close to the bank, we saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.

（三）有时用with/without引导的复合结构作状语，在句中可作定语或状语。如：

Do you know the girl with a basket on her back ?

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